Учебники / Auditory Perception - An Analysis and Synthesis Warren 2008

Index 257

Baroque music, 130

Cochlear duct, 9–16 (see also

Deafness

Basilar membrane, 10, 79–82

Scala media)

effects upon speech

physical characteristics

Cochlear microphonic,

production, 197

related to tuning,

24–25

Decibel (dB)

11–12, 16–21

Cochlear nerve (see Auditory

definition, 3–4

response simulation, 79

nerve)

Deiters’ cells, 9–10

Basilar papilla, 20–21

Cochlear nucleus, 13–16

Delateralization (see

Beats

Combination tones, 68

Contralateral induction)

binaural, 41–43

Comodulation masking

Deoxyhemogobin, 31

first order, 69

release (CMR),

Descending pathways (see

higher order, 70–71

73–74

Efferent pathways)

Bel (see Decibel)

Complex pattern detection

Diabatic effect, 223

Bernoulli’s principle, 177

(see Periodicity theory)

Dichotic chords, 102

Best frequency (see

Complex waveform

Dichotic pitches, 101–102

Characteristic

synthesis, 3–151

Dichotic stimulation, 36,

frequency)

Compound melodic

101–102

Bias-free judgments, 114–115

line, 130

Difference tones, 68, 75, 77

Birds

Conductive deafness and

Diphthongs, 179

air filled interaural

localization, 57

Distance estimates, 59–63

passage, 53

Consonants, 181–183,

covariance of cues, 59–60

Blind spot, 108

191–192

frequency cues, 62–63

Blood circulation

place of articulation, 183,

intensity cues, 59

acoustic effects, 12–13

217–218

relation to loudness,

Blood Oxygenation Level

Continuity illusion (see

111–113

Dependent (BOLD)

Temporal induction)

reverberation cues, 60–61

effect, 32, 172

Contralateral induction,

Dominant hemisphere for

Brainstem nuclei, 13–16

45–48

speech, 14

Brightness judgments

relation to masking level

Doppler shift studies of

physical correlates, 122

differences, 48

cochlear mechanics,

role in binaural

18–19

Capacitance probe study of

processing, 48

Duplex theory of sound

basilar membrane, 19

Cophasic echo pitch (see

localization, 36, 38–39

Category boundary shifts,

Echo pitch)

193–194, 222

Corpus callosum, 14

Ear

Central pitch extractor, 78

Cortex, 14–15

acoustical distortions aid

Central tendency of

Cortical hemispheres

auditory perception,

judgments (see Criterion

lateral dominance, 14

22–23

shift rule)

Cortilymph, 9–10, 23

auditory canal, 5–7

Characteristic frequency, 27

Criterion shift rule, 59, 194,

inner ear mechanics,

Claudius’ cells, 9–10

223

16–22

Click mislocalization in

Critical bands, 72, 103

inner ear structure, 9–13

sentences, 129–130

Critical ratios, 72

middle ear structure and

Coarticulation, 163, 179, 192

Crossover frequency, 201

function, 5–9

Cochlea, 160–163

Cubic difference tone, 68

outer ear (see Pinna)

Ear canal, 5–7

Fourier analysis, 2–3, 12, 16,

Headphone listening

Eardrum, 5–7

66, 74

artificial nature of, 52

Echo infrapitch (see

Fourier integral (see Fourier

cautions concerning

Infrapitch echo)

transform)

interpretation, 52

Echo pitch, 91–95

Fourier transform, 3

Head-related transfer

periodicity cues, 94

Fundamental frequency

functions, 54

spectral cues, 91–92, 94

definition, 3

Helicotrema, 9, 11

Echo suppression

voice, 177

Helix, 5

binaural, 60–62

Hemodynamic measures, 31

single channel effect, 61–62

Gaussian noise

Hertz (Hz)

EEG, 33

definition, 72

definition, 1

Efferent pathways, 15

Generator potentials, 26

Holistic pattern recognition

Eighth nerve (see

Gestalten (see Temporal

(see Global (holistic)

Vestibulocochlear

compounds)

pattern recognition)

nerve)

Glissandi, 141, 177

Homophenes, 218

Electroencephalogram

Global (holistic) pattern

HRTF (see Head-related

(EEG), 33

recognition 134–146,

transfer functions)

Electroencephalography, 31

214–215

Huffman sequences, 134

Endolymph, 9

animals other than

Hysteresis (see Criterion

Envelope, 43, 78

humans, 214–215

shift rule)

Epiglottis, 176

comparison with order

Error correction in speech

identification within

Ideal conditions (see Bias-free

perception, 211–212

sequences, 138–140

judgments)

Eye

dichotomous patterns,

Identification time for

optical defects, 22

144–145

speech components,

‘‘frozen’’ noise bursts,

198–199

‘‘Facial vision’’ (see Obstacle

140

Ideographic symbols, 196

sense of the blind)

melodic patterns, 140–143

Implied polyphony, 130

Falsetto (see Registers of

temporal mismatch limit,

Incus, 7

singers)

136–137

Induction (see Contralateral

Feature detector adaptation,

Glottal pulse, 181

induction; Phonemic

193–194

Glottis, 174, 177

restoration; Temporal

Fechner’s logarithmic law,

induction)

108–109

Haas effect (see First arrival

Inferior colliculus, 13

Feedback control of auditory

effect)

Infrapitch, 44, 65, 85–97,

level, 178

Hair cells (inner and outer),

102–103

Filters

10–13, 14–16 (see also

Infrapitch echo, 91–95

definitions and

Stereocilia)

temporal mechanisms,

characteristics, 5

reptilian, 20

92–94

finite impulse response

resonant tuning, 20–21

Infratones

(FIR) filtering, 188

Hammer (see Malleus)

definition, 65

First arrival effect, 61

Harmonic components

Inharmonic complexes,

fMRI, 31–32

definition, 3

77–78

Formants, 179–181

Harmonic distortion, 70

Inner ear, 9–13, 16–31

Index 259

Interaural delay detection

Just noticeable difference

Loudness measurement,

complex sound

(jnd)

107–122

thresholds, 42

frequency, 74

anomalous function for

complex waveform

intensity, 69–71

speech, 117–119

envelopes, 43

autophonic scale, 120–121

fine structure effects, 50

Kanamysin

‘‘bias free’’ judgments,

heard as pitch, 44

effect on outer hair cells, 25

114–115

lower limits, 42–43

inverse square law,

upper limits, 43–45

Labyrinth, 9

113–115

Interaural intensity

Laryngeal muscles, 177

learning new scales, 121

differences, 36, 51

Laryngeal whistle (see

neural coding, 101,

Interaural passage of birds, 53

Registers of singers)

159–160

Interaural path-length

Larynx, 176–178, 197

relation to apparent

differences, 36–37

Laser illumination of basilar

distance, 111–121

Interaural phase differences,

membrane, 19

reverberation, 117–119

36–38, 42, 48, 50, 58,

Lateral inhibition (see Lateral

self-generated sounds,

101, 161 (see also

suppression)

119–121

Interaural delay

Lateralization

sone scale, 110–111,

detection)

distinguished from

113–114

Interaural temporal

localization, 36, 58–59

Lungfish, 176

disparity (see Interaural

Lateral lemniscus, 13–15

delay detection)

Lateral suppression, 19, 153

Magnetic Resonance

Interleaved melodies,

Law of contrast, 223

Imaging (see fMRI)

130–131

Law of the first wavefront

Magnetoencephalogram, 33

Interspike interval

(see First arrival effect)

Magnetoencephalography,

histograms, 29–31

Linguistic feature systems,

31, 33

Intra-aural muscles, 8–9, 22,

193–194

Malleus, 7

108 (see also Stapedius

Lip reading (see Speech

Markovian processing of

muscle; Tensor tympani

reading)

speech, 211–212

muscle)

Lips and articulation, 183

Masked audiograms, 69–71

Intracranial images, 35, 54

Literacy

Masked thresholds (see

Inverse square law, 59,

required for phonetic

Masked audiogram)

113–115

segmentation, 195–196

Masking

Iris, 8–9

Localization criteria, 35–63

backward, 71

Isointensity contours, 27–29

recalibration, 57–58

forward, 71

Iterance, 65 (see also Pitch;

Localization of source, 35–63

intermittent, 150–151

Infrapitch)

(see also Distance

perceptual restoration of

definition, 65

estimates)

masked sounds,

neural mechanisms, 87–91

azimuth, 9, 22–23, 36–37,

150–172

perceptual qualities of,

40–41

simultaneous, 69–71, 155

85–87

changes in criteria, 57–59

Masking level differences

Iterated noise segments, (see

elevation, 53

(MLDs), 48–50

Recycling frozen noise

front-back errors, 40, 55–56

relation to contralateral

segments)

Lombard reflex, 220

induction, 48

McGurk effect, 218–219

Obstacle sense of the blind,

recycling sequences,

Meatus, external auditory

220–221

129–130 (see also

(see Auditory canal)

Objective tinnitus, 21–22

extended sequences)

Medial geniculate body,

Octave

tonal sequences, 130–131,

13–15

ability to estimate, 123–124

140–143

MEG (see Magneto-

universal musical interval,

trained versus untrained

encephalography)

123

subjects, 137–138

Melodic fission, 130

Oculogyral illusion, 217

two-item sequences,

Melodies

Odd-harmonic periodic

128–129

duration of notes, 127,

sounds, 96–97

visual sequences, 133

141–143

(see also Alternating

vowel sequences, 129–130

interleaving, 130

polarity periodic

(see also Vowel

temporal limits for

waveforms)

sequence illusion)

recognition, 142–143

pitch of harmonic triads,

word-length sequences of

Mel scale (see Pitch)

99, 101–102

nonverbal sounds,

Micropatterns, 134

Ohm’s Acoustical Law, 76

134–136

Middle ear muscles (see Intra-

Olivocochlear bundle, 15

Organ of Corti, 10–13

aural muscles)

Operational definitions

Ossicles, 7–8

Minimal audible angle,

limitations, 124–125

Otoacoustic emissions (see

40–41

Optical siren, 76

Acoustic emissions)

Missing fundamental, 75, 78,

Orchestral instruments

Oval window, 7, 9

101, 153, 170 (see also

frequency range, 102,

Oxyhemoglobin, 31

Pitch)

123–124

Model stimuli, 83–85 (see

Order identification within

Parallel auditory continua,

also Recycling frozen

sequences, 127–147

130 (see also Streaming)

noise)

ability of aphasics,

Pattern playback,

Monophthongs, 179

202–203

65–184

Mo¨ssbauer technique, 19

comparison with global

Perception

Motion parallax, 216

pattern recognition,

relation to sensation,

Motorboating quality, 86, 87

138–140

107–108

Motor theory of speech

extended sequences,

Perceptual calibration,

perception, 192

128–129

223–224 (see also

Multimodal perception,

Huffman sequences, 134

Criterion shift rule)

216–219

inadvertent learning,

Perilymph, 9, 23

Music (see Melodies; Pitch)

135–136

Periodicity theory, 75–77

Musical intervals, 65, 103

initial and terminal items,

complex local pattern

Myelin sheath, 13, 26

special characteristics

detection, 79–82

of, 128–129

residue pitch, 76–77

NMR (see Nuclear Magnetic

micropatterns, 134

Periodic sounds, 64–106

Resonance)

nameability, 131–132

model (generic) stimuli,

Noise power density (N0), 72

need for verbal labeling,

82–85

Nonlinear distortions, 68

133–134

Perspective

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

phonetic sequences,

matching acoustic to

(NMR), 31

129–130

visual, 60–61

Index 261

PET (positron emission

spectral dependencies,

pattern transformation

tomography), 32–33

165–169

model, 105

Phase

subtractive reallocation

peak interval model, 78

definition, 2

mechanism, 166

relation to infrapitch, 65,

Phase locking, 29–31, 43,

temporal limits, 164–169

85–95, 96–99, 102–104

90, 111

‘‘top-down’’ versus

shift of inharmonic

Phonation (see Voicing)

‘‘bottom-up’’ cues, 163

complexes, 77–78

Phonemes, 126 (see also

Phones, 126

vocal mediation model,

Consonants; Vowels)

Phonetic symbols

104–105

as articulatory units,

consonants, 181–183

Place theory, 16 (see also

178–183

relation to alphabet,

Resonance theory;

as perceptual units, 190–199

194–198

Traveling wave)

discrimination by animals

vowels, 179–181

Plateau’s rule, 109

other than humans,

Photopic vision, 21, 162–164

Polyrhythms, 103

214–215

Physical correlates of

Positron emission

durations, 126

sensation and perception,

tomography (PET scan),

identification times, 199

63–197, 107–108

31, 32–33

inferential nature, 198

Physical correlate theory of

Power law (see

invariance problem,

sensory magnitude

Psychophysical power

190–191, 197

judgments, 111–125

functions)

protean natures, 190–194

Picket fence effect, 164 (see

Precedence effect (see First

reaction times (see

also Temporal induction)

arrival effect)

identification times)

Pig Latin, 196

Pressure phosphenes, 220

relation to alphabet,

Pillars of Corti (see Rods of

Primary auditory stream

194–195

Corti)

segregation (see

Phonemic feature detectors,

Pink noise, 88

Streaming)

193–194

Pinna, 5

Proprioceptive feedback,

Phonemic restoration,

effects upon sound

178, 219

153–154, 162–164

localization, 52–56

Pseudofundamentals, 99–101

(see also Temporal

Pitch, 1, 64–106, 122–144

Pseudoperiods, 99–101

induction)

ambiguity, 78, 94–95, 99

Pseudophones, 57–58

contextual dependencies,

amelodic, 103

Pseudoscope, 57

163, 166–169, 186

definition, 64

Psychophysical power

extraneous sound

dichotic, 101–102

functions, 109–110, 125

mislocalization, 162

ear dominance, 102

Puberty

intelligibility

frequency limits, 85–91

pitch changes, 177

enhancement, 166–169

harmonic pattern model,

Pulsation threshold, 153, 156

linguistic determinants, 163

105

(see also Temporal

multiple restorations,

learning matrix model, 105

induction)

164–169

melodic, 85, 102–103

lateral suppression, 153

relation to verbal

mel scale, 122

Pulse trains

transformations, 207

musical (see Melodies)

alternating polarity, 76–77

single restorations,

optimum processor

amplitude spectra, 82

164–168

model, 105

unipolar, 79–82, 95

Pure tone (sinusoidal tone), 1

Reverberation

by animals other than

definition, 1

influence on distance

humans, 145–146,

estimates, 60–61

214–215

‘‘Q’’ (see Filters)

influence on loudness

by aphasics, 202

judgments, 112,

global (holistic) pattern

Reaction time to speech

117–119

recognition, 134–147

components, 198–199

Reversible figures (see

Serial order recall, 133–134

Recalibration of localization

Ambiguous figures)

Serial position curve, 134

cues, 57

Rhyme, 196

Series effects (see Criterion

Receptor potentials, 25–26

Rhythm, 103 (see also

shift rule)

Recycling frozen noise

Polyrhythms)

Short-term auditory storage,

segments (RFNs), 83–91

Rippled-noise pitch (see Echo

87

alternating polarity, 95–101

pitch)

importance for achieving

perceptual characteristics,

Rippled power spectrum, 54,

intelligibility, 211–213

86–90

91, 94

SII (see Speech Intelligibility

use as model periodic

Rods of Corti, 16, 20, 68,

Index)

sounds, 83–85

Roll effect, 156

Sine-wave sentences, 213

Recycling sequences,

Room acoustics

Singing, 177–178 (see also

129–130, 143–144, 151

effects of familiarization

Registers of singers)

Reflection tone (see Echo

on localization, 56

Sinusoidal tone (see Pure tone)

pitch)

Round window, 9, 24

Siren, 66–67 (see also Optical

Refractory period, 27

siren)

Registers of singers

Saccule, 9

Slips of the tongue, 201,

chest register, 178

Savart wheel, 82

213–214

falsetto, 178

Saw-tooth wave, 3

Slope (filter), 20

laryngeal whistle, 178

Scala media, 9, 23

Sone scale (see Loudness)

little register, 178,

Scala tympani, 9

Soprano pitch range, 178

Reissner’s membrane, 9

Scala vestibuli, 9

Sound

Repetition pitch (see Echo

Schema-driven stream

absorption coefficient, 63

pitch)

segregation, 166

amplitude, 4

Residue pitch, 76–77

Scotopic vision, 122

intensity, 3

Resonance theory, 20

Semantic satiation (see

power, 3

Response area, 27–29

Verbal satiation)

pressure level (SPL), 4

Resting potential, 23

Semicircular canals, 9, 217

shadow, 36, 38

Restoration of masked

Sensation

spectrograms, 184–186

sounds (see Contralateral

relation to perception, 63,

terminology, 64–65

induction; Temporal

220–221

velocity in air, 1

induction; Phonemic

Sensation level (SL), 4

velocity in cochlear

restoration; Spectral

Sensory deprivation, 223

liquids, 17

restoration)

Sequence description (see

waveforms, 1–3

Reticular formation, 13

Order identification

Spectra

Retinal blood vessel

within sequences)

band, 3

shadows, 108

Sequence discrimination,

continuous, 3

Retinal disparity, 108, 216

126–147

line, 3

Index 263

Spectral analysis, 3

monitoring systems,

Tacit knowledge, 178

attributed to rods of Corti,

219–220

Tectorial membrane, 10–11

19–20, 68

visual representation

Telegraphy

resolution of harmonic

sound spectrograms,

‘‘telegraphic language,’’

components, 67–68,

184–186

212

79–82, 90, 95–101

Speech reading (lip reading),

Temporal analysis (see

resonance theory, 16–22,

217–218

Periodicity theory)

68–69

interactions with hearing,

Temporal compounds,

stereocilia resonant

217–219

142–144

tuning theory, 20

Speech Transmission Index

Temporal induction, 151–170

traveling wave theory,

(STI), 190

(see also Phonemic

16–17

Speech waveforms, 183–184

restoration)

Spectral distortion products,

Spoonerisms, 214

auditory reallocation

67, 69–70, 76

Square wave, 1

mechanism, 156–161,

Spectral dominance, 79, 94

SQUID, 33

165–166

Spectral restoration, 170–172

Stabilized retinal images, 221

binaural release, 161

harmonics, 170

Stapedius muscle, 8, 108

cortical correlate, 169–170

speech intelligibility,

Stapes, 7

heterophonic continuity,

170–172

Stereocilia, 10–11, 25–26

152–156

vowels, 170

resonant tuning, 20

durational limits,

Spectral splitting (see Vowel-

Stirrup (see Stapes)

153–156

sequence illusion)

Streaming, 131, 141, 166

homophonic continuity,

Spectrograph, 184 (see also

(see also Parallel auditory

151–152, 159–161

Sound spectrograms)

continua)

differences for tones and

Speech Intelligibility Index

Stream segregation (see

for noise, 160–161

(SII), 190

Streaming)

incomplete continuity,

Speech perception,

Stria vascularis, 23

158–159

174–191

Subcortical processing, 15

masking, relation to, 155,

analysis-by-synthesis

Subglottal pressure,

172

model, 192–193

175–177

musical phrase

comparison with

Subglottal system, 175–176

completion, 163–164

perception of

Superior olivary complex,

spectral domain cues,

nonlinguistic

15

153–156

sequences, 129–130

Supralaryngeal vocal tract

speech continuity effect,

errors, 213–214

(see Vocal tract)

164–166

filtering and intelligibility,

Syllabary

speech intelligibility

186–189

perceptual, 201

enhancement, 168

motor theory, 192

production, 201

(see also Phonemic

Speech production, 119–121,

Syllable, 126–127, 144, 196,

restorations)

174–183, 192, 194–198,

198–209

subtractive nature

201, 211, 219–220

recognition by nonhuman

(see auditory

comparison with speech

species, 214–215

reallocation

perception, 211

Synthetic mode of listening,

mechanism)

errors, 201

68

tonal glides, 162–170

Temporal lobe, 14

Verbal encoding (see Verbal

Vocal effort, 62, 177, 219

Temporal patterns along

labeling)

Vocal folds, 174–178

the basilar membrane,

Verbal labeling

Vocal level, 219–220

79–82, 84, 89, 98

rate-limiting stage in order

Vocal monitoring with

Temporal-template

identification, 132–133

partial blocking, 219

matching, 136–137

role in serial-order recall,

Vocal tract, 174–183

Tensor tympani muscle, 108

133–134

tube model, 179

Timbre, 23

Verbal satiation, 203

Voice

Time-difference tone (see

Verbal transformations,

fundamental frequency,

Echo pitch)

205–211

177–179, 180

Time-intensity trading, 51

age differences, 205–207

Voicing, 176

Time-order error (see

dichotic stimulation,

Vowel-sequence illusion,

Criterion shift rule)

209–211

199–203

Time-separation pitch

mechanisms, 208

accessing of English

(see Echo pitch)

relation to phonemic

syllabary, 200–207

Tinnitus, 21–22

restorations, 207

concurrent voices,

Tones, 64–106

relation to reversible

200–201

definition, 64

words, 210–211

spectral fissioning, 200

Tongue

relation to visual illusions,

phonemic boundaries of

positions for vowel

203–205

illusory speech

production, 179

Vestibular canal (see Scala

sounds, 200

Trachea, 5, 175

vestibuli)

Vowels, 179–181

Trapezoid body, 15

Vestibulocochlear (VIIIth)

formant frequencies, 179,

Traveling wave, 16–17, 20

nerve, 13

180

(see also Spectral analysis)

cochlear branch (see

fundamental frequencies,

velocity, 17

Auditory nerve)

179–181

Tremelo, 104

Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 217

Tuning curves, 27–29

Vibrato, 104

Waveform analysis, 1–3

Tunnel of Corti, 9, 13

Vision

Waveform synthesis, 3,

Turtle

accommodation, 216

163

frequency analysis in, 20

conflicts with hearing,

Weber’s law, 108

Tympanic canal, 9 (see also

218–219

Whispering, 176

Scala tympani)

convergence, 216

Whistle, laryngeal (see

Tympanum (see Eardrum)

cross-modal interactions,

Registers of singers)

216–219

White noise (see Gaussian

Utricle, 9

depth perception, 216

noise)

Visual reversible figures,

Whooshing quality, 86,

Ventriloquism effect, 219

204

87–88

Verbal criterion shifts, 194,

Visual speech, 184

Word-length sequences,

223–224

Vocal cords (see Vocal folds)

137