Английский / Лопатина 1-2
.pdf1.Смысловой глагол «иметь»:
I have a book.
У меня есть (я имею) книга(у).
Синоним «have» – «have got»:
I have got a book.
Глагол, перевод которого зависит от последующего существительного:
to have breakfast – завтракать to have tea – пить чай
to have a good time – хорошо проводить время to have a chat – поболтать
2.Модальный глагол в значении «вынужден», «приходится»:
I have to get up at 7 o’clock every day.
Мне приходится (я должен) каждый день вставать в 7
утра.
3.Вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tenses:
She has already completed her research.
Она уже закончила свое исследование.
She has been doing her experiment for a week.
Она проводит эксперимент (уже) неделю.
Exercise 15. Переведите на английский язык, используя “have”.
1.У меня была машина.
2.У меня есть машина.
3.У меня будет машина.
Exercise 16. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.Every engineer has knowledge of higher mathematics.
2.In order to be employed one has to send his curriculum vitae (C.V.) to the employer.
3.They are having classes in English now.
4.Man has achieved great successes in the field of studying the
structure of the atom.
Оборот «There is (are)»
Оборот «there + to be» используется, чтобы сообщить, что
имеется, существует какой-то предмет(ы), явление(я) и т.п. . В русском языке предложения такого типа начинаются с глагола-
сказуемого или обстоятельства места.
Есть проблемы.
Вуниверситете имеется много факультетов.
Ванглийском языке такие предложения начинаются с оборота
«there + to be» в личной форме: there is, there are, there was, there were, there will be, there has been, there have been.
Глагол «to be» согласуется с последующим существительным.
There is a problem. (ед.ч.)
Есть проблема.
There are many faculties at our University.(мн.ч.)
В университете имеется много факультетов.
Перевод таких предложений надо начинать с обстоятельства
места, если оно присутствует. Если обстоятельство отсутствует, то сам оборот переводится: есть, имеется, существует.
There are some generations of computers.
Существует несколько поколений компьютеров.
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There is a |
large building |
in this |
place |
Present Indefinite |
now. |
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Теперь на этом месте (есть) большое |
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здание. |
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There was a small house in this place |
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last year. |
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прошлом году на этом |
месте |
был |
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(имелся) маленький дом. |
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There will be a large park near this large |
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building. |
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Около этого |
большого здания |
будет |
Present Perfect |
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(иметься) большой парк. |
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4. |
There has been an interesting discussion |
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on that subject. |
вопросу |
была |
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F 0Past Perfect |
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По |
этому |
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E 0 |
интересная дискуссия. |
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5. |
There |
had been |
a small |
house there |
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before this large building was built.
Там был маленький дом, прежде чем было построено это большое здание.
Образование вопросительной и отрицательной формы
1.There is a book on the table. Is there a book on the table?
Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
2.There are many books on the table. Are there many books on the table?
Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
3.There is no book on the table. There are no books on the table.
Отрицательная форма образуется при помощи отрицательного местоимения «no», которое исключает употребление артикля.
Перед неопределенными местоимениями «much», «many», «little», «few», «any» и количественными числительными
употребляется отрицание «not».
There are not any books on the table.
На столе нет книг.
Exercise 17. Составьте предложения, используя оборот «there + to be».
1.В году 365 дней.
2.В месяце 30 или 31 день.
3.В неделе 7 дней.
4.В часе 60 минут.
5. В минуте 60 секунд.
Exercise 18. Переведите предложения с оборотом «there + to be» на русский язык.
1.There exist different points of view on this subject.
2.There may be some new articles on this subject in our library.
3.There can be no doubt in your success.
4.There are as many ways of approaching the scientific world as
there are individuals in science. 5. There is no place like home.
Таблица форм глагола в Indefinite (Simple) Tenses. (Факты)
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Present |
Past |
Future |
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(II форма |
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глагола) |
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Утвердитель |
I ask, write |
I asked, |
I shall ask, |
ная форма |
You ask, |
wrote |
write |
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write |
You asked, |
You will ask, |
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wrote |
write |
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He (she, it) |
He (she, it) |
He (she, it) will |
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asks, writes |
asked, wrote |
ask, write |
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We ask, write |
We asked, |
We shall ask, |
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wrote |
write |
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They ask, |
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They will ask, |
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write |
They asked, |
write |
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wrote |
Кратка форма: |
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I’ll ask |
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He’ll write |
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Time |
Time |
Time indicators: |
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indicators: |
indicators: |
Tomorrow, the |
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often, seldom, |
Last month, |
day after |
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sometimes, |
2 years ago, in |
tomorrow, next |
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every day |
2001, yesterday, |
month (year), in a |
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(month, year), |
the day before |
day, in 2066. |
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from time to |
yesterday; |
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time, usually, as |
«when». |
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usual, always, |
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never. |
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Перевод: |
настоящим, прошедшим, будущим |
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временем как несовершенного (чаще) так и |
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Вопроситель |
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ask, |
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ная форма |
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y |
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k, |
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youk, |
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Wewrite? |
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ou |
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write |
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write |
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Yes, |
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we? |
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he? |
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I shall. |
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Ye |
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shes, he |
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do. |
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did. |
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Does h |
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write? |
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Yes, |
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she will. |
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s, he |
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does. |
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Отрицательн |
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did not |
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shall not |
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ая форма |
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write. |
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ask, write |
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will not |
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ask, write. |
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Hewrite |
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Таблица |
форм глагола |
в Perfect |
Tenses. |
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Действие закончено, завершено до конкретного момента |
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Present |
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Have + 3 ф. смыслового глагола |
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Past |
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Future |
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Утве |
I |
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have asked, |
I |
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had |
I |
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shall have |
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рдит |
You |
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written. (I’ve |
You |
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asked, |
We |
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asked, |
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ельн |
We |
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asked) |
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He (she, |
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written. |
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written |
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ая |
They |
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it) |
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(I’d |
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фор |
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We |
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asked) |
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ма |
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They |
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He (she, |
has asked, |
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You |
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will have |
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it) |
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written. |
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He (she, it) |
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asked, |
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(He’s asked) |
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They |
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written |
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Time indicators: |
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Time indicators: |
Time indicators: |
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ever, |
never, |
just, |
yet, |
by |
2 |
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o’clock |
by 2 o’clock tomorrow, |
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already, recently, lately |
yesterday, by 2001, |
by 2066, |
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when you |
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(of |
late), |
this |
year |
before |
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she came, |
come tomorrow. |
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(month, |
week) today, |
when she came. |
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since, |
for. |
Чтобы |
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подчеркнуть |
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результат действия. |
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Пер |
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Прошедшее |
время |
Прошедшее время |
Будущее |
время |
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евод |
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совершенного вида |
совершенного |
совершенного вида |
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(настоящее |
время |
вида |
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несовершенного |
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вида, |
если |
«since», |
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«for»). |
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Воп |
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Have |
I |
asked, |
Had |
I |
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asked, |
Shall |
I |
have |
роси |
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you |
written? |
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you |
written |
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We |
asked, |
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тель |
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we |
Yes, I |
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he |
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written? |
ная |
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they |
have |
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she |
Yes, |
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фор |
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Has |
he |
asked, |
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it |
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he had. |
Will |
you |
have |
ма |
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she |
written? |
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we |
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he |
asked, |
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it |
Yes, he |
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she |
written? |
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has |
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Отр |
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I |
have |
not |
I |
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had |
not |
I |
shall |
not |
ицат |
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You |
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You |
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We |
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ельн |
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asked, written. |
He |
asked, |
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asked, written. |
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written |
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Фор |
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ма |
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He |
has not |
They |
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You |
will not (won’t) |
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She |
(hasn’t) asked, |
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He |
have asked, |
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written. |
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written. |
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Таблица форм глагола в Continuous Tenses (процесс
в конкретный момент в настоящем, в прошедшем, в будущем)
Be + глагол (смысловой) + ing
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Present |
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Past |
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Future |
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Утве |
I am asking, writing |
I |
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was |
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I |
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shall be |
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рдит |
You are asking, |
he (she, |
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asking, |
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We |
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asking, |
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ельн |
writing. |
it) |
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writing. |
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writing. |
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ая |
He (she, it) is asking, |
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фор |
writing. |
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ма |
We are asking, |
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writing. |
We |
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were |
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will be |
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They are asking, |
You |
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asking, |
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He (she, it) |
asking, |
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writing. |
They |
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writing. |
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They |
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writing. |
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Time indicators: |
Time indicators: |
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Time indicators: |
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now, at present, |
Yesterday |
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at |
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tomorrow at 2 o’clock, |
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presently, at the |
o’clock, all day long |
all day long tomorrow, |
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moment. |
yesterday, from 2 till |
from 2 till 5 tomorrow, |
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5 o’clock |
yesterday, |
tomorrow |
when |
you |
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when |
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she |
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come |
come |
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yesterday |
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Перевод: настоящим, прошедшим или будущим временем |
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несовершенного вида. |
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Воп |
Am I asking, |
Was |
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I |
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asking, |
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Shall |
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I |
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be |
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роси |
writing? |
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he |
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writing? |
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we |
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asking, |
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тель |
Yes, I am. |
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(she, |
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writing? |
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ная |
Are you (we, they) |
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it) |
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фор |
asking, writing? |
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Yes, I |
was. |
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Yes, I shall. |
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ма |
Yes, you are. |
Were |
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you |
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asking, |
Will |
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You |
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be |
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Is he (she, it) asking, |
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writing? |
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we |
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writing |
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He (she, |
asking, |
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they |
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it) |
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writing? |
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Yes, he is. |
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Yes, we were. |
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They |
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Yes, he will. |
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I am not asking, |
I |
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was not |
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I |
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shall |
not |
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Отр |
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ицат |
writing |
He (she, |
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(wasn’t) |
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We |
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(shan’t) |
be |
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ельн |
You |
are |
not |
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it) |
asking, |
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asking, |
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ая |
asking, writing. |
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writing. |
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writing. |
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фор |
He |
(she, |
it) |
is |
not |
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ма |
(isn’t) |
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asking, |
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writing. |
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We |
(they) |
are |
not |
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asking, |
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writing. |
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You |
were not |
You |
will |
not |
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We |
(weren’t) |
He (she, |
(won’t) |
be |
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They |
asking, |
it) |
asking, |
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writing. |
They |
writing. |
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Таблица форм глагола в Perfect Continuous Tenses
(процесс, который занял определенный интервал времени и идет в данный момент; интервал времени обязательно
указывается)
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Have been + глагол (смысловой) + ing |
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Present |
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Past |
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Future |
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Утве |
I |
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have been |
I |
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had been |
I |
shall have been |
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рдит |
You |
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asking, |
You |
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asking, |
We |
asking, |
writing |
ельн |
We |
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writing for 2 |
he (she, |
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writing |
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for 2 |
hours |
ая |
They |
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hours. |
it) |
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for 2 |
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when |
you |
фор |
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We |
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hours |
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come. |
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ма |
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They |
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before the |
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He |
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has been |
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professor |
You |
will have been |
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She |
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asking, |
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came. |
He she |
asking, writing. |
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It |
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writing for 2 |
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It |
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hours. |
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They |
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Time |
indicators: |
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for (в течение, в |
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продолжение), since |
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(с). |
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Перевод: настоящим, прошедшим или будущим временем |
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несовершенного вида. |
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Воп |
Have |
I |
been |
Had |
I |
been |
Shall |
I |
have |
been |
роси |
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you |
asking, |
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you |
asking, |
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we |
asking, |
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тель |
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we |
writing? |
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he |
writing? |
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writing? |
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ная |
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they |
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she |
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Фор |
Yes, I have. |
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it |
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Yes, I shall. |
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ма |
Has |
he |
been |
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we |
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Will |
you |
have |
been |
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they |
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she |
asking, |
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he |
asking, |
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it |
writing? |
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she |
writing? |
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Yes, she has. |
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Yes, he had. |
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it |
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they |
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Yes, she will. |
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Отр |
I |
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Have |
not |
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I |
Had |
not |
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I |
shall |
not |
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ицат |
You |
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(haven’t) |
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you |
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(hadn’t) |
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We |
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(shan’t) have |
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ельн |
We |
been asking, |
he |
been |
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been |
asking, |
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ая |
They |
writing? |
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she |
asking, |
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writing. |
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фор |
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it |
writing? |
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ма |
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we |
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He |
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Has |
not |
they |
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You |
will |
not |
|||
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She |
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(hasn’t) been |
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He (she, |
(won’t) |
have |
|||
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It |
asking, |
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it) |
been |
asking, |
|||
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writing? |
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They |
writing. |
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Exercise 19. Определите видо-временную форму сказуемого,
переведите предложения на русский язык. |
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1. |
Energy demand |
grows |
more |
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a. |
Future |
Perfect |
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slowly |
than expected |
in |
the |
past |
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Continuous. |
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decade. |
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b. |
Simple Past. |
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2. |
Experiments led |
to |
new |
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c. |
Present Perfect. |
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