PTO_uchebnoe_posobie
.pdfȼɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɯ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26, ɜ) ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɥ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.
ȼɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚɯ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɚɤ- ɫɢɚɥɶɧɨ-ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ (ɪɢɫ. 2.27), ɝɞɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɵ: 1 – ɥɨɩɚɫɬɶ; 2 – ɜɚɥ; 3 – ɤɨɪɩɭɫ; 4 – ɭɩɨɪ; 5 – ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɧɚɫɨɫɵ, ɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ (ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɣ ɧɚɫɨɫ ɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ).
ɉɪɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɢ ɰɟɧɬ ɨɛɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɫɨɫɚ ɩɨɬɨɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɧɚ ɥɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɬɭɪɛɢɧɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹ ɟɟ ɜɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ.
Ƚɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɟɧ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɛɟɫɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɝɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬ ɢ; ɩɥɚɜɧɨɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɭɫɬɪɚɧɹɸɳɟɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɭ ɭɫɬɪɨɣ ɫɬɜ, ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ.
ȼɫɟ ɷɬɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬ ɜɫɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ȽɉɆ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ.
ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɚɦɢ, ɦɚɫɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɨɣ (ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɝɪɭɡɚ); ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞ ɤɨɫɬɢ ɤ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɭ; ɝɟɪɦɟɬɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɭɩɥɨɬɧɟɧɢɣ.
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2.3.2.Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɨɞɴɟ ɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ
ȼ ɥɸɛɨɣ ȽɉɆ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ. ɇɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨ
ɨɬ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɨɪɦ ɟ ɝɨ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.28) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨ ɛɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ, ɬɨɪɦɨ ɡɚ, ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ, ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɨɣ (ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ) ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦ ɜɚɥɨɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɵɦ ɜɚɥɨɦ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɡɜɟɡɞɨɱɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɧɚɜɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ, ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ, ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɫ ɨɛɨɣɦɨɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɵɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɪɜɹɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɨɦ ɦɭɮɬɚɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.28. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ: 1 – ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ; 2 – ɬɨɪɦɨɡ; 3 –ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ; 4 – ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ; 5 – ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ; 6 – ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ ɫ ɨɛ ɣɦɨɣ; 7 – ɝɪɭɡɨɡɚɯɜɚɬɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ
ɇɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɫɩɚɫɬɚ. ɍɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɫɩɚɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɚ ɤɚɧɚɬɚ, ɚ ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɟɬ ɞɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɧɚɬɚ. ɉɪ ɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɷɬɨ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɥɟɛɟɞɤɢ.
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Ⱦɥɹ ȽɉɆ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɟɧ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɬɫɹ ɷɬɚɩɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɩɭɫɤ (ɪɚɡɝɨɧ), ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ, ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ). ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɟɫɹ. ɉɪɢ ɩɭɫɤɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɨɤɨɹ ɦɚɫɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ. ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɫɫ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ.
ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɢɣ MTF, MTH. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɭɸ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.
ɉɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ:
ʛ˔ ˏݖ˄ ˄Τʹݑ ɢɥɢ ʛ˔ ˆ ˄Τʹ˒ݑ ,
ɝɞɟ ˏ - ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ, ɇ; ݖ˄ – ɱɢɫɥɨ ɤɚɧɚɬɨɜ, ɧɚɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ; ˄ – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ, ɦ;
– ɄɉȾ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ; ݑ – ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ;˒ – ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɢɫɩɚɫɬɚ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɤȼɬ) ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ
ʟ˔ ˆȀ ǡ
ɝɞɟ ˆ – ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɤɇ;– ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɦ/ɫ.
ɉɭɫɤɨɜɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɤ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
ʛ˒ ʛ˔ ʛˋǤ˅Ǥ ʛˋǤ˒Ǥ,
ɝɞɟ ʛˋǤ˅Ǥ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ; ʛˋǤ˒Ǥ – ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɝɪɭɡɚ.
Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɚɫɫɵ ˅ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ ɢɧɟɪ-
ɰɢɢ
J = ˅ Τ,
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ɝɞɟ - ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, g - ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ;- ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɵ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɨɠɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɨɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɬɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɦɚɫɫ
ʛˋǤ˅Ǥ JȦ /ݐ˒ Ȁ(4 gݐ˒ǡ
ɝɞɟ Ȧ – ɭɝɥɨɜɚɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ; ݐ˒ - ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɭɫɤɚ.
ȼɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ J ɧɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɦɚɯɨɜɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ.
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɯɨɜɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɜ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɯ ɧɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ.
ȼɜɢɞɭ ɬɨɝɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ȽɉɆ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɢɯɨɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɜɚɥɨɜ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ į = 1,1…1,2.
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ Ȧ = ʌ n/30 (n – ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɦɢɧ -1) ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ
ʛˋǤ˅Ǥ Ɂ Ȁ(375ݐ˒Ǥ
Ⱥɧɚɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ
ˋ= ˆ ˆ ˆ Τ ݐ˒ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ |
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ʛ˄ ˋ ˄Τ ˒ʹ˒ ˆ ˆ ˄Τʹ˒ݐ˒ ˒ |
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ɝɞɟ ˒ - ɄɉȾ ɩɨɥɢɫɩɚɫɬɚ; ˆ - ɦɚɫɫɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ, ɤɝ; ˆ ɢ ˆ - ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɝɪɭɡɚ.
ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɹ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ ˆ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɨɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢˋ ɤ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɢɥ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɝɪɭɡɚ
ʛˋǤ˒Ǥ ˆ ˄ Τ͵ ݑ ˒ݐ˒ .
84
Ⱦɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɭɫɤɚ ݐ˒ ǡ ǥ ˔, ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ݐ˒ ͵ǥͺ ˔Ǥ Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɬ ɜɢɞ:
ʛ˒ ˆ ˄Τʹ˒ݑ + į Τ͵ ݐ˒ + ˆ ˄ Τ͵ ݑ ˒ݐ˒ .
ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɭɫɤɚ. ɉɨ ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ʛː ʟːΤɘ, ɝɞɟ ʟː – ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ȼɬ (ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɯ).
ɉɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɢ ȥ = ʛ˒Ȁʛː ɗ.
Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɗ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɚɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɗ ǡ ǥ͵Ǥ ɇɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɂɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɉȼ, %. ɉɨ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ
ɜɵɛɪɚɧɧɨɝɨ |
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ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ |
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ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ n |
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡ- |
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ɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ |
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ɩɨɞɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɣ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫ- |
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ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ |
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ɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ. |
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ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɊɆ ɢɥɢ ɐȾ. ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɠɟɤ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɵ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȼɄ.
ɉɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɟ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ.
ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɫɩɭɫɤɟ ɝɪɭɡɚ
ʛ˕ ˍ˕ʛǯ˔,
ɝɞɟ ˍ˕ - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ;
85
ʛǯ˔ - ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭ ɫ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ Ƚɨɫɝɨɪɬɟɯɧɚɞɡɨɪɚ ɞɥɹ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɩɪɢ ɥɟɝɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ 1,5; ɩɪɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɦ - 1,75, ɩɪɢ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ – 2,0; ɩɪɢ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɬɹɠɟɥɨɦ – 2,5. ɋɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦ ɜɚɥɭ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ʛǯ˔ ˆ ˄ Τʹ˒ݑ .
ɉɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ʛ˕ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɬɢɩ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ.
ȼɵɛɪɚɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɹ
ݐ˕ ˕ ːȀ ʛ˕ ʛǯ˔ ,
ɝɞɟ ˕ - ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɢ;ː – ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɨɜɨɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
2.3.3. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɫɥɭɠɚɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɜ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɥɟɠɟɤ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɨɫɬɨɜɚ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɫɟɣ ȽɉɆ. ɉɪɢɜɨɞ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɦ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɠɟɤ.
ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɬɢɩ (ɪɢɫ. 2.29) – ɜɟɫɶ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɨɦ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɟ (ɬɟɥɟɠɤɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɧɚ).
ɏɨɞɨɜɨɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɩɨɞɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɨ ɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ, ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɟ.
86
Ɋɢɫ. 2.29. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɧɚ ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɬɢɩ (ɪɢɫ. 2.30) – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɚɟɦɨ-
ɝɨ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ 6 ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɢɛɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ 4. Ƚɢɛɤɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɛɥɨɤ 5 ɢ ɧɚɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ 3. ɑɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ 7 ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ 2 ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ 1. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɟ ɬɟɥɟɠ ɤɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɟɬɫɹ ɟɟ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɢ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.30. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɥɟɬɨɦ
87
Ʉɪɚɧɵ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ȽɉɆ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɦ ɩɭɬɹɦ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɩɨɥɨɫɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɚɥɶ, ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɶɫɵ, ɠɟɥɟɡɧɨɞɨɪɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɥɶɫɵ, ɞɜɭɬɚɜɪɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɬɚɜɪɨɜɵɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɫ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ ɢɥɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.31).
Ɋɢɫ.2.31. ȼɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ
ɏɨɞɨɜɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɜɵɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɢ ɜɟɞɨɦɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ. Ʉɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɟɣ ɦɚɪɨɤ 75, 65 ɢ ɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ȽɈɋɌ 3569-74.
ɐɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ (ɪɢɫ.2.31, ɚ, ɛ, ɝ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɞɥɹ ɦɨɫɬɨɜ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɠɟɤ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ. Ʉɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɪɢɫ. 2.31, ɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ.
ȼ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯɤɨɥɟɫɧɵɯ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɵɯ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɦɢ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.31, ɞ), ɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɟɞɨɦɵɟ – ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɟɛɨɪɞɚɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.31, ɝ, ɞ). Ɋɟɛɨɪɞɚ – ɛɨɤɨɜɨɣ ɤɨɥɶɰɟɜɨɣ ɜɵɫɬɭɩ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɛɨɪɞɨɣ (ɪɢɫ. 2.31, ɜ, ɟ) ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɞɜɟɫɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɢɫɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɛɨɪɞ ɨ ɪɟɥɶɫɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɛɨɪɞ
(ɪɢɫ. 2.31, ɚ).
Ɋɨɥɶ ɪɟɛɨɪɞ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɢ 1 (ɪɢɫ. 2.32). ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɚɹ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɭɬɢ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ – ɫɬɚɥɶ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɬɚɧɢɹ – 300…360 ɇȼ. ȼ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɱɭɝɭɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ.
88
Ɋɢɫ.2. 32. Ʉɨɥɺɫɚ ɫ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɦɢ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɤɬ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɫ ɪɟɥɶɫɨɦ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.33, ɚ, ɛ) ɢɥɢ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.33, ɜ, ɝ, ɞ, ɟ). Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧ ɬɨɱɟɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬ. Ʉɨɥɟɫɚ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹɦ.
ɚ |
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Ɋɢɫ.2.33. ɋɯɟ ɦɵ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɨɜ
ȼ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ, ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ: ɩɭɫɤ (ɪɚɡɝɨɧ), ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪ ɧɨɝɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɨɪɦɨɠ ɟɧɢɹ (ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚ).
ȼ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜ ɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɟ-
ɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ
ɪɢɫ. 2.34
ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ F ɬ (ɪɢɫ. 2. 34), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ
ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɪɟɛɨɪɞɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɫɚ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ
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ɪɟɥɶɫɭ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ D |
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ɫɬɭɩɢɰɚɯ ɤɨɥɟɫ ( |
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ɉɪɢ d / D ɤ =1/4…1/6 ɫ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɩɨ ɪɟɥɶɫɭ ʹ Τ ɤ.
Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɥɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɚɧɚ (ɪɢɫ. 2.35).
ɋɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ F ɩ.ɬ. ɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɜɵɥɟɬɚ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɫɚɯ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ F ɬ ɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɯ F ɛɥ:
F ɩ.ɬ. = F ɬ + F ɛɥ = ( ɝ ɬ ɤ ɤ ɪɟɛ ɧ ɫɛǡ
ɝɞɟ ɬ – ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ; ɝ – ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ; ɤ – ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɤɚɧɚɬɚ); ɧ ɢ ɫɛ - ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɚɛɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɢ ɫɛɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ ɤɚɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ.
Ɇɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɤȼɬ) ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɦɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ
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ɤ ɜɚɥɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ |
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= 6…8 – ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɭɫɤɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ. |
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