PTO_uchebnoe_posobie

ɤɢ. Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɦ, ɪɚɜɟɧ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɞɤɨɣ

ɉɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɨɞɨɤ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɨ ɲɤɢɜɨɦ, ɨɛɥɢɰɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɛɤɥɚɞɤɚɦɢ (ɬɚɛɥ.2.3).

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.3. Ɏɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɵ

ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɝɪɭɡɚ. Ʉɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɫɬɚɪɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɫ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɧɵɦ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɢɞɪɨɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɹ.

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɦɚɫɫɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɚɦ, ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɜɭɯɤɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɌɄ. Ɉɧɢ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɯɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦ, ɭɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦ ɪɵɱɚɝɟ, ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɨɬ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ɬɨɪɦɨɡ ɬɢɩɚ ɌɄɌ ɫ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɯɨɞɨɜɵɦ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɧɵɦ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɦ ɆɈ-Ȼ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ɬɨɪɦɨɡ ɬɢɩɚ ɌɄɉ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɹɤɨɪɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɚ Ɇɉ).

71

Ʉ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɚ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɚ ɢ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɯ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɜ ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɢɞɪɨɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ (ɪɢɫ. 2.21).

Ɋɢɫ. 2. 21. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɜɢɞ, ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɧɵɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ, ɬɢɩɨɜ ɌɄȽ- (160; 200; 300), ɌɄȽ400 (500) ɫ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɢɞɪɨɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɟɦ

ɍ ɧɢɯ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɜ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɟɧɧɨɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɟ, ɡɚɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɟɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɤɨɛɟ 11 ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɨɣ 10, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɬɨɤ 9, ɪɵ-

72

ɱɚɝ 6 ɢ ɬɹɝɭ 4 ɫɛɥɢɠɚɟɬ ɤɨɥɨɞɤɢ 7 ɢ 8 (ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɪɵɱɚɝɨɜ 5 ɢ 6). Ɋɚɫɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɝɢɞɪɨɬɨɥɤɚɬɟɥɹ.

ȼ ɩɨɪɲɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɳɟɧ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɬɨɪ ɫ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɛɟɠɧɵɦ ɧɚɫɨɫɨɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɢ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɧɚɝɧɟɬɚɬɶ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɩɨɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɜ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ. ȼɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ ɜɵɞɜɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ 2 ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɥɟɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ 3 ɢ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɧɵ 10, ɨɬɨɞɜɢɝɚɟɬ ɪɵɱɚɝɢ ɫ ɤɨɥɨɞɤɚ ɦɢ ɨɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɲɤɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɸ. Ɉɬɯɨɞɤɨɥɨɞɨɤɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹɜɢɧɬɨɦ12.

Ʌɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɤɨɥɨɞɨɱɧɵɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɜ ɜ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚɯ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ — ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ, ɧɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɚɥ.

Ɋɢɫ.

2.22.Ʌɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ: ɚ – ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ; ɛ – ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ;

ɜ– ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ

Ʌɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɛɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.22, ɚ), ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.22, ɛ) ɢ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳ ɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.22, ɜ). Ɍɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ 1 ɩɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɲɤɢɜɚ 2. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɠɚɬɢɹ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɤ ɲɤɢɜɭ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɪɵɱɚɝ 3 ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ 4.

73

Ʌɟɧɬɭ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɹɸɬ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ 5 ɬɢɩɚ ɮɟɪɪɨɞɨ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɦ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.22, ɚ) ɫɢɥɚ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɝɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɧɬɵ 1 ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɨɣ, ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɫɶɸ ɪɵɱɚɝɚ Ⱥ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ.

ȼɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɡɚɬɹɝɢɜɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɟ ɨɛɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦ ɪɵɱɚɝɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɩɥɟɱɢ – ɧɟɪɚɜɧɵ.

ȼɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɟɦ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɟ ɨɛɚ ɤɨɧɰɚ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɩɪɢɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦɭ ɪɵɱɚɝɭ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɟɝɨ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ, ɝɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɦ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹɯ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɜɚɥɚ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ.

ȼɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɧɨ ɷɬɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɵ ɤ ɪɟɡɤɨɦɭ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɲɤɢɜɚ ɥɟɧɬɨɣ.

Ⱦɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɝɢɛɤɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɤɚɤɨɣ-ɥɢɛɨ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɲɤɢɜɚ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɥɟɧɬɵ, ɧɨ ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɟɟ ɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ F ɫɛ ɞɨ F ɇ, ɬɨ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɧɚɛɟɝɚɸɳɟɣ ɜɟɬɜɢ

P max = ʛʡ [p].

˕

Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɤɨɦɩɚɤɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɥɟɧɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɵ, ɧɨ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ: ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɢɡɝɢɛɚɸɳɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɜɚɥ, ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɬ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɥɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.

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Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɫ ɨɫɟɜɵɦ ɧɚɠɚɬɢɟɦ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚɯ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɦɨ ɦɟɧɬɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɨɫɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨ ɝɨ ɜɚɥɚ.

Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɠɚɬɢɟɦ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ ɤ ɞɢɫɤɚɦ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦ ɜɚɥɨɦ. Ɂɚɦɵ ɤɚɸɳɢɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ F a ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ, ɜɟɫ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɵɱɚɠɧɨɣ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ.

Ⱦɢɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɫɟɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɚɯ ɉɌɆ.

Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɢɫɤɨɜɵɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ (ɪɢɫ. 2.23) ɡɚɦɵɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɫɠɚɬɨɣ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɵɤɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ.

əɤɨɪɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɨɜ ɡɚɤɪɟɩɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɚɹ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɚ ɮɪɢɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɤɨɣ.

ɉɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɟ ɞɢɫɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɵ ɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ.

ȼɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ ɞɢɫɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ rb ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɞɨɩɭɫ-

ɬɢɦɵɦ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɨɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɹɦ.

ɇɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫ r ɧ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɯɨɪɨɲɟɝɨ ɫɦɚɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɹɧɨɣ ɜɚɧɧɟ r ɧ = (1,25…2,5) r b, ɩɪɢɱɟɦ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɶ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɨɥɟɟ 6 ɫɦ.

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ɉɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɞɢɫɤ ɨɜɵɯ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɜ:

•ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɨɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɦɟɧɶɲɢɟ ɡɚɦɵɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ, ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɵ, ɢɡɧɨɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ;

•ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɨɤ;

•ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ ɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɥɟɝɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɟɣ.

Ʉɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɝɨ ɨɫɟɜɨɝɨ ɭɫɢɥɢɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ (ɪɢɫ. 2.24), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɫɤɨɜ.

Ɉɫɟɜɵɦ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ Fa ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɣ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɞɢɫɤ ɩɪɢɠɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɤ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɦɭ, ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɥɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ.

Ⱦɥɹ ɡɚɬɨɪɦɚɠɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɢɥɚ Fr ɬɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɫɨɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɹɯ, ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɥɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ Ɇɬ/rc. Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɚɹ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢ ɥɚ Σ Fr = Fa/sin (β/2), ɬɨ ɨɫɟɜɨɟ ɬɨɪ ɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ

Fa = (MT/rc f) sin (β/2).

ɂɡ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹɯ ɭɝɥɚ β/2.

Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɜɨ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɤɥɢɧɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɭɫɨɜ ɭɝɨɥ β/2 ɧɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 30°.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.24. Ʉɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɪɦɨɡ

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2.3. ɉɪɢɜɨɞɵ ɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɵ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ

2.3.1.ɉɪɢɜɨɞ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ȽɉɆ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ

ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɜ: ɪɭɱɧɨɣ ɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɣ.

ɇɚ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɜɥɢɹɸɬ: ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɞɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ; ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ; ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ; ɭɞɨɛɫɬɜɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.25) ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɜɨɪɨɬɚ (ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ), ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɦɚɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɧɚɬ ɫ ɩɨɞɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ, ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ – ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɤ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ. ȼ ɪɭɱɧɵɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɢɥɵ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ ˆ ɢ ɭɫɢɥɢɟɦ , ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɤ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɟ, ɦɨɠɧɨ

ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ݑ ʛ˔ , ɝɞɟ – ɄɉȾ

ʛ˓

ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ; ʛ˔ - ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ; ʛ˓ - ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟ-

ɦɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ.

ɉɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɟ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɢ r ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɪɚɡɜɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɦ:

ɝɞɟ ˄ - ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚ; ˆ - ɫɢɥɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɬɹɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɹɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ (ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɢɫɩɚɫɬɚ).

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Ɋɢɫ. 2.25. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɦ Ɋɭɱɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɫ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨ-

ɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɨɫɶ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ 900…1100 ɦɦ ɨɬ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɩɨɥɚ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɧɨɣ ɜɚɥ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɬɹɝɨɜɵɟ ɰɟɩɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɶɸ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɪɤɭ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɪɭɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɭɫɢɥɢɟ, ɪɚɜɧɨɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ (800 ɇ).

Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɣ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ – ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ. Ɍɚɤ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɫ ɪɭɤɨɹɬɤɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɭɫɨɦ 0,3 ɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ Ɋ = ή ʑ˕Ǥ

Ɇɚɲɢɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɢɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɩɚɪɨɜɨɣ, ɨɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢ ɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ; ɤɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɜ ɪɹɞɟ ɦɚɲɢɧ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɞɢɡɟɥɶ – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ, ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ.

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ɉɪɢɜɨɞ ɨɬ Ⱦȼɋ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɫɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɱɚɳɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ. Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɰɟɩɚɯ (ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɨɤɢɞɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɤɭɡɨɜɚ), ɜ ɩɨɝɪɭɡɱɢɤɚɯ ɧɚɜɟɫɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɦɢ ȽɉɆ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɲɢɧ. ɉɧɟɜɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɜɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɩɨɦɟɳɟɧɢɹɯ ɢ ɬɚɦ, ɝɞɟ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɜɨɞ ɫɠɚɬɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɞɥɹ ɧɭɠɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.

ɂɡ ɦɚɲɢɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ.

ȼ ȽɉɆ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɞɨɛɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ɫɟɪɢɢ Ⱦɉ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɵ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ (ɜɵɩɪɹɦɢɬɟɥɟɣ), ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɤ ɜ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɟɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɤɚ (ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ).

Ⱦɥɹ ȽɉɆ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɧɨ-ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ (ɱɚɫɬɵɟ ɩɭɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ) ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɬɪɟɯɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɆɌ ɫ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɦɢ ɤɨɥɶɰɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɢɩɚ ɆɌɄ ɫ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɦ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ. Ɍɚɤ, ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɥɨɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɢɤɨɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɚɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɤɨɥɶɠɟɧɢɟɦ (Ⱥɋ ɢ ȺɈɋ) ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɮɚɡɨɜɵɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɦ (ȺɄ ɢ ȺɈɄ), ɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜ – ɫ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɭɫɤɨɜɵɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɦ (Ⱥɉ ɢ ȺɈɉ)

Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ȽɉɆ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢɥɢ Ⱦȼɋ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɧɚɫɨɫ, ɩɨɞɚɸɳɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɬɪɭɛɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɨɜ ɢ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ.

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Ƚɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɸ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɟɣɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ). ɉɨ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ: ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ Ƚɉ.

Ɉɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ Ƚɉ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɟ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɝɢɞɪɨɞɨɦɤɪɚɬ.

Ƚɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ – ɷɬɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɫ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨ-ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɵɯ ɡɜɟɧɶɟɜ ɨɞɧɨ- ɢ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26). Ƚɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ, ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ, ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ – ɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɯ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ:

ɚ) ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26,ɚ); ɛ) ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26,ɛ);

ɜ) ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ ɫ ɞɜɭɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɢɦ ɲɬɨɤɨɦ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26,ɜ); ɝ) ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26,ɝ).

Ƚɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɵ ɨɞɧɨɫɬɨɪɨɧɧɟɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɪɢɫ. 2.26, ɚ) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɟ, ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɟ ɢ ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪɧɵɟ ɬɟɥɟɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɯ ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ (ɩɥɭɧɠɟɪ) ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ (ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɯɨɞ), ɚ ɜ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ – ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɨɡɜɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɩɪɭɠɢɧɵ ɢɥɢ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɯ ɫɢɥ.

Ɋɢɫ. 2.26. ɋɯɟɦɵ ɝɢɞɪɨɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ

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