Volgograd

1. Volgograd stands on the beautiful Volga. The city is more than four hundred years old. The rapid development of industry and trade, river and railway transport, in the 19th century led to the intensive growth of the city. The Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 earned the city the immortal glory of a hero-city.

2. The entire country participated in the restoration of the hero-city. The heroic labour of millions of people helped the city to rise from its ashes. And the best monument to the heroes who defended the city on the Volga is the beautiful modern city, wide squares and prospects, its parks and gardens. The city grows from year to year.

3. Today Volgograd is one of the biggest industrial centres: many industrial enterprises, large and small, function here. An endless stream of steel, aluminium, oil and steel cables, tractors, medical equipment and building materials, river boats and chemical products flows day and night from the ports and railway terminals of Volgograd to all corners of our country and abroad.

4. The Volga Hydro-Electric Power Station is the biggest in Europe. The total capacity of its aggregates exceeds 2.5 mln kilowatts. The opening of the Volga-Don Navigation Canal meant the realization of an age-long dream of the people to join

two great rivers - the Volga and the Don. Volgograd is now a port of five seas.

5. Volgograd is also a cultural centre. There are higher secondary educational institutions, a lot of vocational schools and schools of general education there. Many foreign students from the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America live and study in Volgograd. There are some theatres, a circus and a planetarium in the city.

7. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

Who studies in educational institutions of Volgograd?

Вариант 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, какой частью речи являются слова, оформленные окончанием -s , и какую функцию это окончание выполняет, т.е. служит ли оно:

а) показателем 3-го лица единственного числа в present

Indefinite;

б) признаком множественного числа имени существительного;

в) показателем притяжательного падежа имени существительного (см. образец выполнения I).

Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. In Washington the streets that go from east to west are named after letters of the alphabet.

2. A well-known scientist works at this plant.

3. The worker's hostel is within 20 minutes' walk from the plant.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на особенности перевода на русский язык определений, выраженных именами существительными (образец 2).

1. There are many government offices in Washington.

2. We have a large State library in our city.

3. The scientists developed new synthetic rubber products.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения, содержащие разные формы сравнения, и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The White House is maybe one of the most beautiful places in Washington.

2. The longest and the biggest streets in Washington are named after American States.

3. Automatic devices make labour safer and easier.

4. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод неопределенных и отрицательных местоимений.

1. We saw no skyscrapers in Washington.

2. Almost any building of Washington is attractive.

3. There are some museums in Washington.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в них видо-временные формы глаголов и укажите их инфинитив; переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец выполнения 3).

1.Washington is very green and peaceful city.

2. G. Washington led the American army in many battles during the War for the American Independence.

3.Мапу places in Washington will tell you about the history of the city.

6. Прочитайте и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 6-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 5 абзацы.

WASHINGTON

1.Washington, the District of Columbia (D.C.), does not, belong to a state. It is a city and the District of Columbia. It is located on the East Coast. It was chosen by George Washington as the permanent site for nation's capital on December 1, 1800. Washington was the first person to be elected the President of the USA. He was born in Virginia, just south of Washington, D.C.

2. In Washington the streets that go from east to west are named after letters of the alphabet. The streets that go north and south are numbered. The longest and the biggest streets are named after American states. The city is very green and peaceful. There are a lot of beautiful places where you can relax and enjoy yourself.

3. Washington is a special city. Most of the people in Washington work for the government and there are many government offices there.

4.Washington is full of places where you think about history. In its museums and the Capitol you can learn a lot about the first settlements in New England. You will learn about Christopher Columbus and his sailors and about America's fight for independence. Washington is a busy city. The streets are never empty.

5. The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson. He was the third President of the USA. There are the Jefferson Memorial built in honour of T. Jefferson. You can see the Lincoln Memorial. He became the sixteenth President

of the USA in 1861. Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation which freed the blacks in the South from slavery. Inside the memorial is a huge statue of the former president.

6. There is the National Air and Space Museum. Here you can see the history of flight, from the first plane flown by the Wright brothers to the Apollo spaceship. The majestic building is the Supreme Court.

7. Прочитайте 6-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

What can you see in the National Air and Space Museum?

Вариант 6

Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:

entrance, department, religious, privately, residential, preparatory, education, responsible, construction, mostly.

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного окончания:

а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;

в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.

1. An English child begins to go to school at the age of five.

2. Children’s lessons at this age consist of drawing pictures, singing songs, etc.

3. Pupils have many interesting subjects at school.

Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих имен прилагательных и наречий:

important, good, various, far, clever, convenient, late, little, bad, funny.

Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски соответствующими по смыслу местоимениями (личными, притяжательными или указательными):

1. If pupils go to grammar schools, … will have a good theoretical secondary education.

2. There are some private schools in England. Boys and girls didn’t study together at … schools.

3. The sons of the aristocracy go to public schools and … parents pay much money for … .

Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” во временах Present, Past, Future Indefinite:

1. After finishing grammar schools pupils … good knowledge.

2. Children’s uniform … usually dark.

3. Students … lectures in Philosophy next year.

4. Monasteries … cultural and educational centres many centuries ago.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. A boy’s uniform (to consist) of a school cap, a tie and a blazer?

2. Only the sons of nobles (to attend) the first Egyptian schools.

3. People hope education (to become) better in future.

4. Poor people (not to teach) their children in grammar schools in pre-revolutionary Russia.

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 6 абзацы.

EDUCATION IN ENGLAND

1. In England, the Department of Education and Science is responsible for all levels of education. Universities, however, are self-governing and depend on the central government only for financial grants.

2. Education is compulsory between the ages of five and sixteen. About one-third of primary and secondary schools in England are administered by Anglican or Roman Catholic voluntary organizations. More than 90 per cent of the secondary-school population (children aged eleven through eighteen) attend state-funded comprehensive schools, in which admission is not based on aptitude, and the remainder attend either grammar or secondary modern schools.

3. Tertiary colleges offer a full range of vocational and academic courses to students aged sixteen and older. Independent schools provide both primary and secondary education but charge tuition. In large cities, a number of independent schools are run by various ethnic and religious communities.

4. So-called public schools, which actually are private, are often categorized as independent schools. Most public schools are residential and privately financed, and provide education to children aged eleven through nineteen. Important public schools for boys include Eton (the oldest; established in 1440-41), Harrow, Winchester and Westminster. Famous public schools for girls include Cheltenham, Roedean and Wycombe Abbey. There are also private, mostly residential, preparatory schools, which prepare students aged seven through thirteen for the Common Entrance Examination required to enter senior secondary schools. At the completion of secondary education, students receive the General Certificate of Secondary Education.

5. More than a third of England’s young adults receive some form of postsecondary or higher education through colleges, polytechnics and universities. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12^th and 13^th centuries, and both have university presses that are among the oldest printing and publishing houses in the world.

6. There are about 35 universities in England, some of which are referred to as “red brick” universities. These universities were founded in the late 19^th or early 20^th century in the industrial cities of Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham, Sheffield and Bristol and were constructed of red brick, as contrasted with the stone construction of the buildings of Oxford and Cambridge.

7. A continuing education program through the Open University (1969), in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire offers education through correspondence courses and the electronic media.

Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is the Department of Education and Science responsible for?

2. Which schools does the secondary-school population attend?

3. What can independent schools provide?

4. What public schools for boys do you know?

5. Where can English children continue their education after secondary school?

6. What are “red brick” universities famous for?

7. How is education in the Open University carried out?

Вариант 7

Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:

traditionally, academic, vocational, authority, recently, knowledge, consequently, identity, distinction, engineer.

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного окончания:

а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;

в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.

1. A university graduate may continue studying to take the Master’s Degree and then the Doctor’s Degree.

2. A lecturer tends to guide students towards knowledge, suggesting different topics.

3. Higher education colleges also run courses leading to vocational and professional qualifications.

Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих имен прилагательных и наречий:

high, qualified, good, difficult, early, comfortable, bad, little, expensive, late.

Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски соответствующими по смыслу местоимениями (личными, притяжательными или указательными):

1. The first Russian University was founded in Moscow. … was constructed on the initiative of M.V. Lomonosov and in accordance with … plans.

2. There were also schools for nobles only. Entrance to … schools was limited.

3. I’m not good at English and he always helps… in … homework.

Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” во временах Present, Past, Future Indefinite:

1. In the nineteenth century illiteracy among common people … very high.

2. Our lecturers and professors … very high-qualified specialists.

3. He … a Master’s Degree now and he wants to continue his research to get a Candidate’s Degree.

4. This clever girl … the monitor of our group since next week.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The students always (to repeat) new words before the lesson?

2. She (to come) home later than usual yesterday.

3. The Russian government completely (to change) the system of higher education in the nearest future.

4. I (not to make) any mistakes in my dictation because I prepared well for it.

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 5 абзацы.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE UK

1. In Great Britain universities have traditionally been regarded as centres of academic learning, in contrast to polytechnics, which have focused on vocational education. However, this distinction has gradually disappeared with both types of education now running a similar wide range of high-quality courses. Consequently, polytechnics have recently been awarded university-status – and most have now changed their name accordingly.

2. You can also study at degree and postgraduate level at colleges of higher education. These institutions are generally smaller than universities, and tend to concentrate on more specialized fields of study, such as education, art and design, music and drama. Higher education colleges also run courses leading to vocational and professional qualifications.

3. Like educational institutions across the world, each UK university and college has its own identity and traditions. Some are huge, others are not. There may be campus and non-campus universities. In a campus university all the academic and social amenities are concentrated in one area of the town or city. At a non-campus university or college, the departments and facilities are spread out across a wider area.

4. Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at a university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant from their local educational authority.

5. For many new students the style of teaching at university level may be unfamiliar. Lecturers and professors tend to guide students towards knowledge, suggesting topics and reading matter for private study and research. In general, students are in contrast with their tutors and professors during lectures, seminars and tutorials. Once or twice a term, students will have a tutorial. This means that they see a tutor alone to discuss their work and their progress. In Oxford and Cambridge and some other universities, the study system is based entirely round such tutorials which take place once a week.

6. Traditionally, the UK academic year is split into three terms – autumn (early October to mid December), spring (January – to late March/ early April) and summer (April to mid July). However, an increasing number of universities and colleges are adopting a semester system, dividing a year into 15-week periods of study.

7. After three years of study a university graduate will leave with the Degree of Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take the Master’s Degree and then the Doctor’s Degree. Research is an important feature of university work.

Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is distinction between universities and polytechnics?

2. What is the aim of higher education colleges?

3. How do universities differ from each other?

4. What are conditions to enter the university?

5. What is a tutorial?

6. How many terms is the academic year split into?

7. What degrees can be received by the student in the UK?

Вариант 8

Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:

Slavonic, foundation, entirely, European, favorable, variety, narrowly, conventional, different, rarely.

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного окончания:

а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;

в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.

1. English universities differ from each other.

2. The Courtauld Institute specializes in the history of art.

3. Adults are always concerned about their children’s education.

Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих имен прилагательных и наречий:

close, easy, essential, hard, little, considerable, interesting, far, narrow, young.

Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски соответствующими по смыслу местоимениями (личными, притяжательными или указательными):

1. … subject is very interesting. I always attend lectures and seminars of … .

2. All students take exams in winter. … prepare to pass … successfully for a long time.

3. He knows English better than you. But … know Maths very well.

Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски глаголами to be, to have во временах Present, Past, Future Indefinite:

1. They usually … lunch at 12.30 in the canteen.

2. He … good at Maths when he studied at school.

3. I … an engineer when I graduate from the university.

4. When I was a child, I … many fairy-tales.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. In 1991 the changes in political, economic and social conditions (to require) changes in the system of education.

2. Universities (not to choose) their students only according to good A-level results in exams.

3. Next year young people from abroad (to come) to our university to study.

4. The Open University (provide) extra-mural courses?

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2, 4 и 6 абзацы.

FAMOUS BRITISH UNIVERSITIES

1. English universities differ from each other in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, and way of student life. The universities, which were founded between 1850 and 1930, including London University, are known as redbrick universities. They were called so because that was the favourable building material of the time, though they are rarely referred to as “redbrick” today.

2. The University of London is by far the largest university, with about 39000 full-time students. It was established by the union of two colleges: University College (1827) and King’s College (1831). Later many other colleges, schools and institutes were added, and it also could be called a kind of federation of colleges, but the system is entirely different. The largest of the London colleges are like universities in themselves, having many different faculties and departments. Others specialize in certain subjects, like the London School of Economics and Political Science, the Imperial College of Science and Technology, the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, the School of Oriental and African Studies, the School of Architecture.

3. There are also institutes attached to London University as well as to other universities. Whereas colleges within a university teach all subjects, and schools – a group of subjects, these institutes specialize more narrowly, and are often more occupied with research than teaching undergraduates. In London University, for example, there are the Institute of Archeology, the Courtauld Institute (specializing in the history of art) and some others.

4. Most of the redbrick universities founded in the nineteenth century are scattered throughout the country and are to be found in Birmingham, Bristol, Exeter, Hull, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Nottingham, Sheffield, Southampton and some others.

5. The redbrick universities organize their academic work in a variety of ways. Subjects are taught in individual departments which are in turn grouped into faculties covering the main subject grouping, like arts, science, engineering, social science.

6. The “new universities” were all founded after the Second World War. Some of them quickly became popular because of their modern approach to university courses. The first of this group was Keele University (in Staffordshire), founded in 1948. In 1961 seven new universities were approved: the universities of East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Lancaster, Sussex, Warwick, York. The traditional faculty structure in these universities has been avoided in an attempt to prevent overspecialization. One form of organization (at Sussex) is school, which embraces a range of related subjects. York and Warwick have structures which are closer to older universities.

Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What universities are called “redbrick” and why?

2. What educational establishments does the University of London include?

3. What is the difference between colleges and institutes within a university?

4. Where can most of the redbrick universities be found?

5. How do the redbrick universities organize their academic work?

6. What universities refer to the group of “new” ones?

Вариант 9

Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:

scientific, steadily, environment, attractively, planner, magnificent, naturally, technology, principal, exclusively.

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного окончания:

а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;

в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.

1. Cambridge can be found in most tourists’ lists of places to visit.

2. The most popular is probably King’s, because of its magnificent chapel.

3. Its choir includes boys and undergraduates.

Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих имен прилагательных и наречий:

large, much/many, attentive, good, popular, long, modern, old, new, lazy.

Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски соответствующими по смыслу местоимениями (личными, притяжательными или указательными):

1. Ancient Rus was one of the early feudal states. … was a state of high culture and knowledge.

2. He wants to know something about … groupmates. Practically all of … live with … in the same hostel.

3. Students find … University to be very beautiful.

Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски глаголами ‘to be” “to have” во временах Present, Past, Future Indefinite:

1. She … a very good education, she graduated from Oxford.

2. The lectures … over at 5 yesterday.

3. They … a party tomorrow. All guests have already been invited.

4. English …the easiest subject for me.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. He (to go) to the Institute by metro.

2. Your friend (to take) books from the library last year?

3. Some students (to fail) their entrance exams.

4. I (not to go for a walk) with you tomorrow, because I must prepare for my exam.

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 4 и 5 абзацы.

CAMBRIDGE

1. The university is like a federation of colleges. It arranges the courses, the lectures and the examinations, and awards the degrees. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge each have over 10000 full-time students. Oxford is older than Cambridge, more philosophical, classical and theological. Cambridge, on the other hand, is more scientifically biased. But in many respects (especially their prestige and wealth) they look very alike, therefore they are often referred to collectively for convenience as Oxbridge. They are sometimes called “two intellectual eyes of Britain”. Admission to the universities is based on the old tribal patterns which guide boys from traditional schools to traditional universities. Candidates to Oxford and Cambridge are largely self-selected, much influenced by parents, school friends and family backgrounds.

2. Cambridge started during the 13^th century and grew steadily, until today there are more than twenty colleges. Most of them allow visitors to enter the grounds and courtyards. The most popular place from which to view them is from the Backs, where the college grounds go down to the River Cam.

3. The oldest college is Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robinson College, which was opened in 1977. The most popular is probably King’s, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of boys and undergraduates is also very well known.

4. The University was exclusively for men until 1871 when the first women’s college was opened. Another was opened two years later and a third in 1954. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both men and women. Almost all the colleges are now mixed, but it will be many years before there are equal numbers of both sexes.

Every year, thousands of students come to Cambridge from overseas to study English.

5. To the North of this ancient city is the modern face of the University – the Cambridge Science Park, which has developed in response to the need for universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It was established in 1970 by Trinity College, which has a long scientific tradition going back to Sir Isaac Newton. It is now home to more than sixty companies and research institutes.

6. The ideas of “science” and “parks” may not seem to go together naturally, but the whole area is in fact very attractively designed, with a lot of space between each building. The planners thought that it was important for people to have a pleasant, park-like environment in which to work.

Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. How does Oxford differ from Cambridge? What is common?

2. What is the most popular place to view the grounds and courtyards?

3. How is the oldest college called?

4. Why is King’s the most popular college?

5. When did colleges become mixed for men and women?

6. Why is the Cambridge Science Park so important?

7. What does the Park contain now?

Вариант 10

Задание 1. Переведите слова и по суффиксу определите, какой частью речи они являются: существительным, прилагательным, наречием:

closely, admission, specific, majority, usually, recommendation, technical, commonly, applicant, secondary.

Задание 2. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Определите по грамматическим признакам, к какой части речи относятся выделенные слова с суффиксом –s, определите функцию данного окончания:

а) показатель множественного числа имени существительного;

б) показатель притяжательного падежа существительного;

в) показатель 3-его лица ед.ч. глагола в Present Indefinite.

1. The American system of education differs from the systems of other countries.

2. New World’s education is closely connected with the specific conditions of American life.

3. The federal government supports school lunch program.

Задание 3. Образуйте сравнительную и превосходную степени следующих имен прилагательных и наречий:

professional, busy, bad, careful, nice, necessary, low, bright, active, far.

Задание 4. Перепишите, переведите предложения и заполните пропуски соответствующими по смыслу местоимениями (личными, притяжательными или указательными):

1. The junior high school is a sort of half-way between elementary and secondary school. … continues some elementary school subjects.

2. Many systems provide nursery schools where the age group is commonly four of five. … preschool programs aim to give children useful experience and to prepare … for elementary school.

3. A child’s introduction to formal education is usually in kindergarten classes where … begins to prepare for … new school life and learns to read, write and count.

Задание 5. Перепишите, переведите следующие предложения, заполнив пропуски глаголами “to be”, “to have” в Present, Past, Future Indefinite:

1. Higher education … very important for young people nowadays.

2. Next time the students … free to participate in sports of all kinds during the University competition if they … necessary abilities.

3. This University … many applicants to enter last year.

4. My father … fond of collecting stamps in his childhood.

Задание 6. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в соответствующую видовременную форму, определите форму глагола, переведите предложения на русский язык:

1. The high school (to prepare) young people either for work or for more advanced study in a college or university.

2. My son (to try) to enter the Rostov State Transport University after finishing high school.

3. I (not to miss) my classes when I studied at school.

4. The Ivy League Universities (to be) famous for their graduate schools?

Задание 7. Прочтите и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 3 и 5 абзацы.

EDUCATION IN THE USA

1. The American system of education differs from the systems of other countries. It has certain peculiarities of its own which are closely connected with the specific conditions of life in the New World. The interplay of local, state, and national programs and policies is particularly evident in the field of education. Historically, education has been considered the province of the state and local governments. The federal government supports school lunch programs, administers Indian education, makes research grants to universities, underwrites loans to college students, and finances education for veterans.

2. In the USA there are free, state-supported, public schools which the majority of American children attend. There are also a number of private schools where a fee is charged for admission and children are accepted or rejected on the basis of an examination. These include many church-supported schools, usually Catholic, which also charge a fee.

3. Education is compulsory for every child from the age of 6 up to the age of 16 except in some states where it is compulsory to the age of 17 or 18. The school year is usually 9 months, from early September to mid June. Elementary (primary) and secondary (high) schools are organized on one of two bases: eight years of elementary school and four years of secondary school, or six years of elementary school, three years of junior high school and three years of senior high school.

4. Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on higher education. Successful applicants at colleges of a leading university are usually chosen on the basis of their high school records, recommendations from their high school teachers, their scores on the Scholastic Aptitude Tests (SATs).

5. The system of higher education in the United States comprises three categories of institutions: 1) the university, which may contain several colleges for undergraduates seeking a bachelor’s (four-year) degree and one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelor’s degree to obtain a master’s or a doctoral degree; 2) the technical training institutions at which high school graduates may take courses ranging from six months to four years in duration and learn a variety of technical skills; 3) the two-year, or community college, from which students may enter many professions or may transfer to four-year colleges.

6. The old private north-eastern universities, commonly known as the Ivy League, include Harvard Radcliff, Yale University, Columbia College, Princeton University, Brown University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, University of Pennsylvania. With their traditions and long established reputations they occupy a position in American university life like Oxford and Cambridge in England, particularly Harvard and Yale.

Задание 8. Письменно ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What educational spheres does the federal government support?

2. What kinds of school are there in the USA?

3. How are elementary and secondary schools organized?

4. What is the basis for entrance to colleges of a leading university?

5. What categories of institutions does the system of higher education in the United States comprise?

6. What universities are known as the Ivy League?