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I. Information for study |
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Planned Economies |
various |
-- |
различный |
vital |
-- |
жизненно важный |
welfare |
-- |
благосостояние, |
wealthy |
-- |
богатый |
IV. Test
1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропу- щенные в предложениях.
1) |
Government has a … role in a planned economy. |
a) |
earn |
2) |
Individuals are not permitted to … property, land |
b) |
fair |
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and other means of production. |
c) |
income |
3) |
They decide the type and … of goods and services |
d) |
mix |
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to be produced. |
e) |
own |
4) |
A table helps planners calculate the resources |
f) |
private |
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needed to meet the various output… . |
g) |
public |
5) |
People purchase goods and services with money |
h) |
supply |
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they … . |
i) |
targets |
6) |
In the … sector production decisions are made by |
j) |
taxes |
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firms. |
k) |
variety |
7) |
In the public sector, public goods and merit goods |
l) |
vital |
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are provided free and are paid for by … . |
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8)Taxes will be lower and the distribution of wealth and … less equal.
9)One of the roles of the government is to ensure that there is … competition in the private sector.
10)Businesses are set up by individuals to supply a wide … of goods and services.
2.Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.
a) decision |
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a) taxes |
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1) to make b) discussion |
2) to meet |
b) targets |
c) consumption |
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c) trials |
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
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a) property |
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a) input |
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3) to set up |
b) benefit |
4) to spend |
b) income |
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c) business |
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c) insurance |
5) to plan |
a) production |
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a) aims |
b) precision |
6) to purchase |
b) options |
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c) permission |
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c) goods |
3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответст- вующие данным определениям.
1) |
minimum of material comfort with which |
a) |
benefit |
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a person or class may reasonably be con- |
b) |
to earn |
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tent |
c) |
income |
2) |
allowance, to which a person is entitled |
d) |
labour |
3) |
to obtain as reward for labour |
e) |
standard of living |
4) |
contribution levied on persons, property f) |
tax |
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or business for support of government |
g) |
welfare state |
5)toil tending to supply wants of community
6)periodical receipts from one's business, lands, work, investments
7)a country having national health service, national insurance and other social services.
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I. Information for study
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Unit 4
I. Information for study. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Text A
Прочтите следующую информацию и запишите основ- ные термины, связанные с тематикой текста.
1. Many economists specialize in a particular branch of the subject. For example, there are labour economists, energy economists, monetary economists, and international economists. What distinguishes these economists is the segment of economic life in which they are interested. Labour economics deals with problems of labour market as viewed by firms, workers, and society as a whole. Urban economics deals with city problems: land use, transport, congestion, and housing. However, we need not classify branches of economics according to the area of economic life in which we ask the standard questions «what», «how», and «for whom». We can also classify branches of economics according to the approach or methodology that is used. The very broad division of approaches into microeconomics and macroeconomics cuts across the large number of subject groupings cited above.
Microeconomic analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities.
For example, we might study why individual households prefer cars to bicycles and how producers decide whether to produce cars or bicycles. We can then aggregate the behaviour of all households and all firms to discuss total car purchases and total car production. Within a market economy we can discuss the market for cars. Comparing this with the market for bicycles, we may be able to explain the relative price of cars and bicycles and the relative output of these two goods. The sophisticated branch of
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
microeconomics known as general equilibrium theory extends this approach to its logical conclusion. It studies simultaneously every market for every commodity. From this it is hoped that we can understand the complete pattern of consumption, production, and exchange in the whole economy at a point in time.
2.If you think this sounds very complicated you are correct. For many purposes, the analysis becomes so complicated that we tend to loose track of the phenomena in which we were interested. The interesting task for economics, a task that retains an element of art in economic science, is to devise judicious simplifications which keep the analysis manageable without distorting reality too much. It is here that microeconomists and macroeconomists proceed down different avenues. Microeconomists tend to offer a detailed treatment of one aspect of economic behaviour but ignore interactions with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis. A microeconomic analysis of miners’ wages would emphasize the characteristics of miners and the ability of mine owners to pay. It would largely neglect the chain of indirect effects to which a rise in miners’ wages might give rise. For example, car workers might use the precedent of the miners’ pay increase to secure higher wages in the car industry, thus being able to afford larger houses which burned more coal in heating systems. When microeconomic analysis ignores such indirectly induced effects it is said to be partial analysis.
3.In some instances, indirect effects may not be too important and it will make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities. In other circumstances an alternative simplification must be found.
Macroeconomics studies the interactions in the economy as a whole. It deliberately simplifies the individual building blocks of the analysis in order to retain a manageable analysis of the complete interaction of the economy.
For example, macroeconomists typically do not worry about the breakdown of consumer goods into cars, bicycles, televisions, and calculators. They prefer to treat them all as a single bundle called
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I. Information for study Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
‘consumer goods’ because they are more interested in studying the interaction between households’ purchases of consumer goods and firms’ decisions about purchases of machinery and buildings.
II.Practice
1.Переведите текст A на русский язык, используя словарь в конце урока, обращая внимание на перевод терминов.
2.Найдите в тексте ответы на поставленные вопросы и за- пишите их:
1)What distinguishes different kinds of economists?
2)What branches of economics can you enumerate and what do they deal with?
3)How can we classify branches of economics?
4)What analysis offers a detailed treatment of individual decisions about particular commodities ?
5)What does general equilibrium theory study?
6)What do microeconomists tend to offer?
7)Why do microeconomists ignore interactions with the rest of the economy?
8)When is microeconomic analysis called partial analysis?
9)When does it make sense for economists to devote their effort to very detailed analyses of particular industries or activities?
10)What does macroeconomics emphasize?
3. К выделенным жирным шрифтом словам в тексте под- берите слова, близкие по значению, из следующего списка:
to advance, field, to invent, to concern, method, to propose, investigation, goods, manufacturers, to sum up, separate, sophisticated, to keep, to neglect
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
4.Подчеркните в тексте A предложения, соответствующие по смыслу данным ниже.
1)Макроэкономика изучает взаимодействия в экономи- ке в целом.
2)Экономика труда занимается проблемами рынка с точки зрения фирм, рабочих, общества.
3)Общая теория равновесия изучает одновременно каждый рынокдлякаждоготовара.
4)Макроэкономика рассматривает все товары как еди- ное целое под названием “потребительские товары”.
5)Микроэкономический анализ подробно изучает ин- дивидуальные решения о приобретении отдельных товаров.
6)Мы можем классифицировать экономистов в соот- ветствии с той отраслью экономики, которой они за- нимаются.
7)Микроэкономика подробно рассматривает какой- либо один аспект экономического развития, но игно- рирует взаимодействия с остальными областями эко- номики, чтобы сохранить простоту анализа.
8)Макроэкономика намеренно упрощает отдельные строительные блоки анализа, чтобы можно было ана- лизировать взаимодействия в экономике.
5.Изложите краткое содержание текста A на английском языке в письменной форме, используя следующие слова:
this text considers.., deals with.., concerns..., discusses….
6. Выскажите свое мнение по содержанию текста А, ис-
пользуя следующие выражения: “I believe”, “I think”, “My opinion is that…”.
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III. Vocabulary to Text A
according (to) |
-- |
to aggregate |
-- |
approach |
-- |
area |
-- |
behaviour |
-- |
to believe |
-- |
branch |
-- |
breakdown |
-- |
bundle |
-- |
chain |
-- |
circumstance |
-- |
to cite |
-- |
commodity |
-- |
to compare |
-- |
complicated |
-- |
to concern |
-- |
congestion |
-- |
conclusion |
-- |
consumer goods |
-- |
to cut across |
-- |
to deal (with) |
-- |
deliberately |
-- |
to devise |
-- |
to distinguish |
-- |
to distort |
-- |
division |
-- |
effect |
-- |
effort |
-- |
exchange |
-- |
to extend |
-- |
general equilibrium theory |
-- |
to give rise |
-- |
heating system |
-- |
housing |
-- |
to increase |
-- |
indirect |
-- |
I. Information for study Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
в соответствии (с) суммировать подход, метод область поведение, развитие полагать отрасль распад пучок цепь
обстоятельство цитировать товар сравнивать сложный касаться перенаселение заключение
потребительские товары проходить через заниматься, иметь дело преднамеренно придумать различать искажать разделение следствие усилие обмен
доводить, расширять общая теория равновесия 1. дать толчок; 2. вызвать система отопления жилищное строительство увеличивать косвенный, побочный
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
individual to induce instance interaction to interact judicious to keep
to loose track to make sense manageable mine
to neglect owner partial particular
pattern to pay
to preserve to proceed producer relative
to retain to secure to simplify simplicity
simplification sophisticated subject grouping to treat treatment
urban to view
as a whole
--отдельный
--вызывать
--пример
--взаимодействие
--взаимодействовать
--закономерный
--1. поддерживать;
2. сохранять
--потерять нить
--иметь смысл
--выполнимый
--шахта
--пренебрегать
--владелец
--частичный
--определенный, конкретный
--модель
--платить
--сохранить
--отправляться
--производитель
--относительный
--сохранять
--обеспечить
--упрощать
--простота
--упрощение
--усложненный
--предметная группировка
--рассматривать
--исследование
--городской
--рассматривать
--в целом
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I. Information for study Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
IV. Test
1. Выберите из колонки справа по смыслу слова, пропущен- ные в предложениях.
1) |
Urban economics ... city problems. |
a) market |
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2) |
We can classify ... of economics according to the |
b) households |
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methodology that is used. |
c) commodity |
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3) |
Within a market economy we can discuss the … |
d) effects |
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for cars. |
e) branches |
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4) |
Macroeconomics … the individual building |
f) deals with |
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blocks of the analysis. |
g) interactions |
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5) We can study why … prefer car to bicycles. |
h) consumer |
||
6) |
General equilibrium theory studies simulta- |
i) |
purchase |
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neously every market for every ... . |
j) |
macroeconomics |
7) |
When microeconomic analysis ignores indirectly |
k) microeconomics |
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induced ... it is said to be partial analysis. |
l) |
simplifies |
8)Microeconomics ignores ... with the rest of the economy in order to preserve the simplicity of the analysis.
9)Macroeconomists do not worry about the breakdown of ... goods into cars, bicycles, televisions and calculators.
10)... treats the interaction in the economy as a whole.
2.Выберите существительное, которое может следовать за данным глаголом.
1) to distort |
a) the effort |
2) to loose |
a) congestion |
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b) the meaning |
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b) circumstance |
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c) the exchange |
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c) track |
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3) to pay |
a) wages |
4) to devise |
a) housing |
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b) jobs |
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b) simplifications |
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c) goods |
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c) divisions |
5)to consume a) chains
b)branches
c)goods
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Английскийязык.
Лексические основы чтения текстов по экономике
3. Выберите из приведенного списка термины, соответст- вующие данным определениям.
a) economics which deals with problems of the |
1. urban economics |
labour market |
2. commodities |
b) economics which deals with city problems |
3. consumer goods |
c) a detailed treatment of individual decisions |
4. labour economics |
about particular commodities |
5. macroeconomics |
d)things that meet needs or are wanted or can be 6. microeconomics traded
e)a study of the interactions in the economy as a
whole
f) goods bought by households (not by firms)
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