английский язык для общих целей

2)How do politicians use family values in their campaigns?

3)What is the extended family?

4)What are the indications that family life is in decline?

5)What is a ‘normal’ family?

Improve your study skills Developing reading strategies

Before you read a text, you should be aware of which type of reading you are going to do. You will have to decide what your purpose is when reading a certain text. Becoming aware of this fact will help you to both focus on the important points and reach your goal.

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING YOUR READING SKILLS

•Make it a habit to read texts in the foreign language. You may start with children's stories and move on to newspaper articles, magazines and books for adults.

•Choose books, newspapers and magazines according to your personal interests and needs.

•Buy a bilingual book or buy the same book in your native language and in the foreign language. When reading, compare the books when there is something that you don't understand.

•Most of the time it is not necessary to understand every single word when reading a text. So don‘t panic if there are a few words you don‘t know. You may try to guess their meaning from the context.

•If there are words that you don't know but you think are important, look them up in a dictionary and write them down. Study them again after reading.

•If your reading purpose is to find out specific information, think about some key words first, then scan the text to find these key words. Underline important words and phrases. You may also take notes.

•If your purpose is to generally understand the text, underline important phrases in each paragraph and write down the most important things.

Vocabulary practice

1. Give the English equivalents to the following words and phrases.

Поддержка и любовь, гармоничная семья, семейные ценности, родительская власть, стабильная брак, целомудрие, забота о престарелых, нуклеарная семья, расширенная семья, поколение, члены семьи/домочадцы, здоровое общество, стабильная семейная жизнь, упадок, неполная семья, высокий уровень разводов, два основных типа семьи, реклама, недостаток дисциплины, воспитывать детей, кровь.

2. Make up word combinations and use them in sentences or situations of your own.

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3.Explain in English by matching A and B parts.

4. Write out all words and word combinations related to family. Add them to your topical vocabulary. Study the examples.

•family gathering = a meeting / celebration of family members: "There's a small family gathering next week."

•family resemblance = where members of the family look / act similar: "You can see a distinct family resemblance between the father and the son."

•to start a family = to start having children: "They want to wait a couple of years before starting a family."

•to run in the family = a characteristic that is common among family members: "Baldness runs in his family."

•to bring up / raise a family = to have and look after children: "It's difficult to raise a family on one income."

•a family car = a car big enough to transport a family: "The Volvo Estate is a popular family car."

•family-size = large quantity item: "We need to buy family-size packets of biscuits!"

•family-friendly = a policy that favours families: "This hotel is family-friendly."

•family doctor = a doctor who looks after general medical needs: "There are a number of good family doctors in this area."

•family man = a man who prefers to spend his time with his family: "John is a family man."

•family values = traditional ideas about what a family should be: "Some political parties often emphasise family values and the importance of marriage."

•family name = surname: "What's your family name?"

( From http://www.english-at-home.com/vocabulary/talking-about-your-family/)

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Grammar spot

1. Phrasal verbs. Consult the dictionary. Look up the as many word combinations as you can with the verb ‘ to get’.

2.Make up 10 sentences. Exchange with you groupmates.

3.Talking about the past. Go to http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/pastsum.html. Study the mind map. Make up sentences.

4. Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate verb form.

Nicholas Romanov 1)_______(be born) on 19 May 1868 to Tsar Alexander III and his wife, Danish princess Marie Fedorovna. He 2)_______(be) the eldest of six children and 3)_______(become) Tsar Nicholas II in 1894 when his father 4)________(die) at the age of 49 of kidney failure.

Nicholas, who 5)________(be)s a gentle man, 6)__________ (be trained) trained to be the Tsar and 7)__________(be unprepared) for the role. At the time of his father's death, he 8)________(be

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engaged) to German Alix of Hesse, the granddaughter of English Queen Victoria I. They 9)_________(be married) on 26 November 1894.

They 10)______(have) five children together; Olga (1895), Tatiana (1897), Maria (1899) and Anastasia (1901). A much-longed for male heir 11)________(be born) on 12 August 1904 and they named him Alexis.

In August 1914, Russia 12)__________(go) to war against Germany and Austria, which

_________(to boost) the Tsar's popularity at first. Nicholas often 13)_________(travel) to the Eastern Front to improve morale among the troops but the family's popularity 14)_______(fade) following heavy casualties in the war.

The Tsarina 15)__________(be put in charge) of domestic affairs and dismissed plenty of ministers for which Rasputin 16)_________be blamed. On 2 March, 1917, Tsar Nicholas II, head of the Russian Romanov dynasty, 17)__________(be forced) to abdicate after 23 years. The vast country 18)_____(be) in revolution. The Imperial Family 19)________(be exiled) to Siberia, and a year later, _______(move) to Ekaterinburg in the Ural Mountains.

By the summer of 1918, the Tsar, his wife, four daughters and son 20)_________(vanish). Finally, in October 1994, DNA testing put an end to speculation as to the fate of the Tsar and his family. In 1995, their remains 21)_________(be laid) to rest.

Rumours 22)_______ (abandon) that Anastasia managed to escape.

5. Study the theory about nouns in Grammar Guide. Learn more http://www.grammarquizzes.com/nounsum.html. How can nouns be distinguished from other parts of speech? Find nouns in the text. Classify them.

Speaking and writing Discuss the following.

1. The All Nations English Dictionary gives the following definition of the family: “family – any group of people related by blood or marriage, especially parents and their children”. Use the text and your own ideas to extend this definition. Try to view the notion ‘family’ from different points of view.

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2. Find a family photograph. Write a short description of it. Read your description to the class. You may start with…. This is a photograph of … when we/they were on holiday/at the party.

Useful language

In the background you can see In the middle/the center is…

My mum/dad/relatives that are kneeling on the bottom row are…. The ones on the top row are, from left to right….

I am at the far right /left side.

2.2. How Common /Different are Families?

Reading

The number of nuclear families in the world is decreasing year by year. What are the consequences of this process? Is situation similar in all countries?

You are going to read two short texts about family life in Britain and the USA. What is common? What are the differences? Make the list of problems/tendencies and share it with your group mate.

Now read the texts to check if you have guessed right.

A. THE BRITISH FAMILY

“There is no such thing as society,” Mrs. Thatcher once said. “Only individual men and women, and families.” many people disagree with her, but there remains a strong feeling that the immediate or ‘nuclear’ family is the basic unit of society, and that traditional family values remain the mainstay of national life.

The nuclear family is usually pictured as a married couple, with two children, ideally a girl and a boy, and perhaps their grandmother, or ‘granny’, in the background. As a picture of the way most British live, this becomes increasingly unrealistic each year. If the picture includes the traditional idea of the man going out to work while his wife stays at home, it is probably true of less than 10 per cent of the country. Even without such a limited definition, only 42 per cent of the population live in nuclear family

households, an even within this group a considerable of parents are in their second marriage with children from a previous marriage.

Social attitudes and behaviour are undoubtedly changing. The number of people living alone has risen significantly. The British are clearly becoming a more solitary nation in their living habits. This will have social implications, for example housing needs in the future.

There is an increasing proportion of men and women living together before marriage. For example, in 1961 only 1 per cent of first-time married couples had previously been living together. By the

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year 2012 it was estimated that most couples lived together before marrying. Others living together, or ‘cohabiting’, never get married.

B. THE AMERICAN FAMILY

When Americans consider families, many of them think of a "traditional family." A traditional family is one in which both parents are living together with their children. The father goes out and works and the mother stays home and rears the children. The biggest change in families in the United States is that most families today do not fit this image. Today, one out of three American families is a "traditional family" in this sense.

The most common type of family now is one in which both

parents work outside the home. In 1950, only 20 percent of all American families had both parents working outside the home. Today, it is 60 percent. Even women with young children are going back to work. New census figures show that as of 2011, only 23% of married couple families with children younger than age 15 have a stay-at-home mother (SAHM). These days, there are more kids being raised by single moms than by married couples where the man earns all the income and the wife stays home. - See more at: http://www.themotherco.com/2011/11/what-is-the-traditional- family/#sthash.MUPkCFGM.dpuf

In many states, single people may also adopt children. Some people take in foster children-- children whose parents cannot take care of them. Another change is that families in the United States are getting smaller. In the mid-1700s, there were six people in the average household. Today the average household contains between two and three people. A household is defined as any place where at least one person is living.

One recent change is that the number of marriages is rising. The number of babies born also has been climbing steadily for the past 10 years. Many experts see these trends as a sign that Americans are returning to the values of marriage and family.

Vocabulary practice

3.Translate and explain the following words and phrases. Then, use them to describe the modern tendencies in family life. You can do it in the form of the snowball game.

Immediate/nuclear family● the basic unit of the society ● traditional family values ● mainstay of national life ●go out to work ● stay at home ●households ● married couple ● second marriage ● previous marriage ● live alone/together ●solitary nation ● cohabiting ● rear children● work outside the home ●go back to work ●SAHM ●raise /adopt children ●foster children

4.Add all new words and phrases related to family to your topical vocabulary.

Improve your study skills

Part 2 of 3: Using New Words (from http://www.wikihow.com/Build-Your-Vocabulary)

1) Set a goal. If you're committed to building your vocabulary, set a goal for yourself. Try and learn three new words a week and work them into your speech and writing. With conscious effort, you can learn several thousands of new words that you'll remember and use. If you can't use a word effectively and accurately in a sentence, it's not a part of your vocabulary.

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•If you're easily learning three words a week, try and learn ten words next week.

•Looking up 20 new words a day in the dictionary will make it difficult to use any of them accurately. Be realistic and build practical vocabulary that you'll be able to use.

2 )Use flashcards (карточки) or post-it notes (самоклеющиеся листочки) around your house. If you're going to make a habit of learning new words, try some simple memorization techniques(техники запоминания) as if you were studying for a test. Hang post-its with the definition of a particular word you hope to memorize somewhere on the wall in the kitchen, so you can study it while fixing your morning cup. Affix a new word to each house plant so you can study while watering.

•Even if you're watching TV or doing other activities, keep some flashcards with you and study your new words. Always be building.

3)Write more. Start journaling if you don't already, or start a blog. Actively flexing your writing muscles will keep your vocabulary strong. Write letters to your friends.

4)Use accurate adjectives and precise nouns. The best writers aim for concision and accuracy. Get out the thesaurus and use the most accurate word possible in your sentences. Don't use three words when one will do. A word is a useful addition to your vocabulary if it reduces the number of words in a sentence.

•For instance, the phrase "dolphins and whales" can be replaced with the word "cetaceans," making "cetaceans" a useful word.

•A word is also useful if it is more descriptive than the word or phrase it replaces. For ex-

ample, many people's voices could be described as "pleasant". But someone with very pleasant voice could be said to have a "mellifluous" voice.

Grammar spot. The Passive

1. Study the theory “Passive Voice” in Grammar focus. You may also visit^ a)http://www.engames.eu/passive-voice/;

b) http://www.grammar-quizzes.com/passivesum.html

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2.Learn how to make up a mind map. Go to http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Mind-Map, http://www.mind-mapping.co.uk/make-mind-map.htm, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Диаграмма_связей, https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeMind

3.Make up a mind map demonstrating Passive Voice.

4.Find passive verb forms in the texts. Translate into Russian.

5.Transform into Passive

1)Sociologists divide families into two general types: the nuclear family and the extended family

Families……

2)They usually describe nuclear family as a married couple with their children living in the same residence or sharing the closest bonds.

The nuclear family …….

3)Extended family includes all relatives in close proximity, such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Relatives….

4)By the year 2012 the research estimated that most couples lived together before marrying. It …….,,,,,,, that….. .

5)In a traditional family the man earns all the income and the wife stays home.

The income …..

6)These days more single mothers are raising kids. More kids……

7)In many countries, single people may adopt children. Children…. …. by …. .

8)In future more people will take in foster children. More children …… by….. .

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To learn more how to make offers, invitations go to http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/radio/specials/142_requests_offers/

1. Read the dialogue in pairs.

A:Hey, there, how are you? Good to see you. B:Good to see you, too. I’m fine, how are you?

A:Good, thanks. Listen, I am having a birthday party next Friday. Do you want to come?

B:Sure, I ‘d love to.

A:Great! The party starts around 9 pm at my place.

B:Okay, I'll be there. What do you want for your birthday?

A:Oh no presents, please. Just bring something to drink, that would be great.

B:Sure, I'll do that. Can I bring my boyfriend, too?

A:Of course! So I'll see you two on Friday!

B:Yes, thanks for the invitation!

A:I'm glad you can come! See you soon.

B:Bye!

(http://www.learning-english-online.net/skills/speaking/exercises/inviting-someone/)

Practice. Act the situation out.

Student A. You are a Russian student. You would like to acquaint your foreign group mate with your family members. Invite your foreign group mate to your family party.

Student B. You are an international exchange student who came to Russia. You would like to know more about the Russians, their culture. You accept the invitation to come to the family party. Student C.You are international exchange student who came to Russia. You are invited to a family party. You decline the invitation of student A because you are busy but you are ready to join the party next time.

Project work

1.Internet Activity: Go online to collect information on the family structure (extended, nuclear, one-parent, etc.) and the roles that family members play in ə culture other than you own. Make up presentation.

2.Think, Pair, Share. Go to the Internet and find two samples of popular or well-known families. Study their history, the role of its members. Share the information with your group mates. Answer these questions with your group.

•What do you notice first about these families?

•Do you think this is a traditional family in this culture? Why or why not?

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•What is different about each family?

•What is the same or similar about each family?

•Are these families similar to the families in your country? Which one is the most similar? What do you notice first about these families?

2.3. Russian Family: What is it Like?

Lead in

The number of nuclear families is reducing both in Britain and in the USA. Is the situation different in Russia? What kind of difficulties are young families likely to have? Think of your and your friends’ families; share the information with your group mates.

Reading

1. In pairs, read the following statements and try to guess if they are true (T) or false (F). Then, read the text quickly to check if you have guessed right.

T F

1)Many of the Russians know the history of their families.

2)More than a half of every 100 marriages end in divorce.

3)Many divorcees do not want to remarry.

4)A housing shortage is a problem of young families.

2.Now read the text in detail. Answer all the questions above. What is your family like?

So what is it like, the family tradition? Whose descendants are we? What are the stories your granny used to tell? What can family albums, letters and diaries reveal? What is your grandfather’s name? What is the name of your great-grandfather? Many of the Russians are not able to answer these simple questions. The family tradition is lost for them. And it is one of the reasons why most people have no sense of family honor and pride.

A group of people who have the same name and sit together in front of

the TV set is not yet a family. Here are some family statistics in Russia. Over 80 per cent of women and about 70 per cent of men marry by the age of 25.

At present, more than 40 out of every 100 marriages end in divorce. Every year about one million families break up. About 50 per cent of divorced do not want to remarry. Men remarry more often than women. Over 50 per cent of divorced men remarry within the period of ten years, while only 25 per cent of such women do so. Many young families have material difficulties. As a result, young couples often have to rely on the assistance of their parents.

The housing shortage is another problem of many young families. Most young people don’t wish to live together with their parents after they get married but half of them have to do this. As a result, these young people have no necessary experience in family life. They don’t know how to run household, how to manage the family budget, how to bring up children.

In its various forms the human family has been in existence for as long as man himself. The family tradition has preserved the picture of a Madonna with a child in her arms. Can this beauty

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