2. Complete the sentences. Use already, ever or never and the past perfect of the verbs in brackets.

0 It was the first time she.........’d ever competed...... in the Olympics. (compete)

1. She wanted an Olympic medal because she.............................. one before. (win)

2. She had done very badly in her last race. It was the worst race she .............................. . (run)

3. Her trainer .............................. her to rest, and he told her again that she was not fit enough. (advise)

4. A month later, she .............................. so she began training for the next competition. (recover)

5. She began writing a book about her career. She was quite nervous because she .............................. a book before, (write).

Past perfect and past simple

• We can use the past perfect and the past simple in one sentence with linking words and expressions such as:

• by the time: By the time we got to the airport, our flight had left.

• after, as soon as, before: After we’d done the washing-up, we went for a walk.

As soon as he’d left, I phoned Anna. She’d finished her project before she went out.

• It’s often possible to use either the past perfect or the past simple with after, as soon as and before: As soon as he left, I phoned Anna.

• Compare these sentences with when: When I arrived, Tim left. (= I arrived. Then Tim left.) When I arrived, Tim had left. (= Tim left. Then I arrived.)

We don’t use the past perfect for both actions in a sentence if one happened after the other: They’d eaten all the food by the time we got there. (Not They’d eaten all the food by the time we’d got there.)

3. Complete the sentences. Use the past perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets. Sometimes both are possible.

0 By the time he .......started............ his exams, I .......’d finished...... mine. (start, finish)

1. As soon as they the car, they.............................. it. (repair, sell)

2. Beth.............................. round after she.............................. Rob to the station. (come, take)

3. I.............................. my room before I .............................. to bed. (tidy, go)

4. As soon as we........................... our bags in our rooms, we........................... lunch. (put, have)

5. They.............................. by the time I .............................. . (leave, arrive)

6. After I.............................. to him, I.............................. better, (talk, feel)

4. Complete the sentences. Use the past perfect or past simple.

0 I asked him to help me. He agreed.

When I...........asked............. him to help me, he .......agreed....... .

1. Joe left college. Then I met him.

By the time I.............................. Joe, he .............................. college.

2. They had lunch. Then I saw them.

When I.............................. them, they .............................. lunch.

3. I spent all my money. Then I left the fair.

By the time I.............................. the fair, I .............................. alt my money.

4. She failed her Maths exam. She was very disappointed.

When she .............................. her Maths exam, she .............................. very disappointed.

5. The fire destroyed most of the shop. Then the firefighters arrived.

When the firefighters .............................. the fire .............................. most of the shop.

6. We ate two tubs of popcorn. Then the film started.

By the time the film .............................. we .............................. two tubs of popcorn.

7. We looked on the Internet. We found a lot of information.

When we .............................. on the Internet, we .............................. a lot of information.

5. Complete the stories. Use the past perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets. Sometimes both are possible.

When she went into the kitchen, she (0) ...........saw............ (see) the letter on the table.

After she (I) .............................. (read) it, she (2) .............................. (tear) it into small pieces. Then she went for a long walk. By the time she (3) .............................. (come) home, she (4) .............................. (form) a plan. She began to pack a small suitcase. She (5) .............................. (leave) the house by the time he (6) .............................. (phone) her the next morning.

As soon as I (7) .............................. (sign) the form, he (8) .............................. (take) me down a corridor and into a small room. He told me to wait and then he left. Half an hour later, a woman walked into the room. When I (9) .............................. (ask) her if I could leave, she (10) .............................. (smile). ‘Not yet, Mr Evans,’ she said. ‘Not yet.’ I began to feel anxious.