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Российский химико-технологический университет им. Д.И. Менделеева

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Взрывчатые вещества и пиротехника

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Meyer R., Koehler J., Homburg A. Explosives. Wiley-VCH, 2002 / Explosives 5th ed by Koehler, Meyer, and Homburg (2002)

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nitrocellulose, 12.0% N
nitrocellulose, 11.5% N
nitrocellulose, 11.0% N
nitrodiphenylamine	C12H10O2N2
nitroglycerine	C3H5O9N3
nitroglycol	C2H4O6N2
nitroguanidine (picrite)	CH4O2N4
nitromethane	CH3O2N
Nitrotriazolone (NTO)	C2H2N4O3
nitrourea	CH3O3N3
Octogen (HMX)	C4H8O8N8
paraffin (solid)
PETN (Nitropenta)	C5H8O12N4
petroleum
picric acid	C6H3O7N3
polybutadiene,	(C4H6)100C2H2O4
carboxy terminated
polyisobutylene	(CH2)n
polypropyleneglycol	(C3H5O)nH2O
polyvinyl nitrate	(C2H3O3N)n

potassium nitrate	O3NK
n-propyl nitrate	C3H7O3N
sodium hydrogen	CHO3Na
carbonate

–	658.4	–	2755
–	689.6	–	2885
–	720.7	–	3015
+	88.13	+	369
–	392.0	– 1633
–	381.6	– 1596
–	213.3	–	893.0
–	442.8	– 1853
– 185.14		–	774.60
–	642.5	–	2688
+	60.5	+	253.3
– 540		– 2261
–	407.4	– 1705
–	440	– 1842
–	259.3	– 1085
– 140		–	586
– 374		– 1570
–	888.1	–	3718
–	275.4	– 1152

–1169	–	4891
– 487.8	–	2041
–2705	–11318

–	636.5	–	2663	22.74	29.33	36.08	8.57		(4)
–	667.4	–	2793	23.33	30.68	35.86	8.21		(4)
–	698.4	–	2922	23.94	32.17	35.65	7.84		(4)
+ 107.5		+	450	56.01	46.68	9.34	9.34		(4)
–	369.7	– 1540		13.21	22.02	39.62	13.21		(2); (4)
–	358.2	– 1499		13.15	26.30	39.45	13.15		(2)
– 184.9		–	773	9.61	38.42	19.21	38.42		(4)
–	413.7	– 1731		16.39	49.17	32.70	16.39
–	164.69	–	689.10	15.37	15.37	23.06	30.75		(2)
–	617.2	–	2582	9.52	28.55	28.55	28.55
+	84.5	+	353.6	13.50	27.01	27.01	27.01		(2)
–	500	–	2094	71.0	148	–	–		(6)
–	385.0	– 1611		15.81	25.30	37.95	12.65		(2)
–	400	– 1675		70.5	140	–	–		(6)
–	242.4	– 1015		26.20	13.10	30.55	13.10		(2)
– 107		–	448	73.10	109.65	0.73	–		(6); (10)
–	331	– 1386		71.29	142.58	–	–		(10)
–	852.9	–	3571	51.19	103.37	17.56	–		(11)
–	252.1	– 1055		22.46	33.68	33.68	11.23		(4)
									(valu-
									es
									for %
									N =
									15.73)
–1157		–	4841	–	–29.67	9.89	K:
								9.89	(5); (16)
–	436.8	– 1911		28.55	66.63	28.55	9.52		(4)
–2691		–11259		11.90	11.90	35.71	–	Na:
								11.90	(15)

329

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

Table 31. (continued)

Component	Empirical	Enthalpy	Enthalpy	Energy	Energy	Number of Atoms per kilogram				Uses
	Formula	of Forma-	of Formationof Forma-		of Formation
		tion		tion
		kcal/kg	kJ/kg	kcal/kg	kJ/kg	C	H	O	N

sodium nitrate	O3NNa	–1315	– 5506	–1301	– 5447	–	–35.29	11.76	Na.
									11.76	(5);
										(16)

tetranitromethane	CN4O8
Tetryl	C7H5O8N5
TNT (trinitrotoluene)	C7H5O6N3
toluene	C9H6O2N2
diisocyanate (TDI)
triaminoguanidine nitrate	CH9N7O3
triaminotrinitrobenzene	C6H6N6O6
trimethylamine nitrate	C3H10O3N2
1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ)	C3H4N4O6
trinitrobenzene	C5H3O5N3
trinitrochlorobenzene	C6H2O6N3Cl
trinitropyridine	C5H2O6N4
trinitropyridine-1-oxide	C5H2O7N4
trinitroresorcinol	C6H3O8N3
(styphnic acid)
urea	CH4ON2
urea nitrate	CH5O4N3
water	H2O
wood dust

+	46.9	+	196.4	+	65.0	+	272.1	5.10	–	40.81	20.40
+	16.7	+	67.9	+	35.3	+	147.6	24.40	17.40	27.86	17.40		(2)
–	70.6	–	295.3	–	52.4	–	219.0	30.82	22.01	26.40	13.20		(2)
– 179.7		–	752	– 162.7		–	681	51.71	34.47	11.49	11.49		(12)
–	68.8	–	287.9	–	35.2	–	147.2	5.98	53.86	17.95	41.89		(4)
– 129.4		–	541.3	– 108.7		–	455.0	23.25	23.25	23.25	23.25		(2); (4)
–	673.1	–	2816	–	636.7	–	2664	24.57	81.90	24.57	16.38		(17)
+	45.29	+ 189.50		+	66.84	+	279.77	15.62	20.82	31.23	20.82	(2)
–	48.8	–	204	–	32.1	–	135	28.15	14.08	28.15	14.08	(2)
+	25.9	+	108	+	40.4	+	169	24.24	8.08	24.24	12.12	Cl:
												4.04	(2)
+	88,0	+ 368.5		+ 104.6		+	437.9	23.35	9.34	28.03	18.68		(2)
+ 102.5		+	428.9	+ 119.2		+	499.1	21.73	8.69	30.42	17.38		(2)
–	510.0	–	2134	–	493.1	–	2063	24.48	12.24	32.64	12.24		lead
													salt
–1326		–	5548	–1291		–	5403	16.65	66.60	16.65	33.30		(5); (17)
–1093		–	4573	–1064		–	4452	8.12	40.62	32.49	24.37
–3792		–15880		–3743		–15670		–	111.01	55.51	–		(17)
–1116		–	4672	–1090		–	4564	41.7	60.4	27.4	–		(6)

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

330

Table 32. Enthalpy and energy of formation of gaseous reaction products.

Product	Formula	Molecular	Enthalpy of Formation		Energy of Formation
		Weight	kcal/mol	kJ/mol	kcal/mol	kJ/mol

carbon monoxide	CO	28.01	–26.42	–110.6	–26.72	–111.9
carbon dioxide	CO	44.01	–94.05	–393.8	–94.05	–393.8
water (vapor)	H2O	18.02	–57.80	–242.0	–57.50	–240.8
water (liquid)			–68.32	–286.1	–67.43	–282.3
nitrogen monoxide	NO	30.01	+21.57	+ 90.3	+21.57	+ 90.3
nitrogen dioxide (gas)	NO2	46.01	+ 7.93	+ 33.2	+ 8.23	+ 34.5
nitrogen	N2	28.02	± 0	± 0	± 0	± 0
oxygen	O2	32.00	± 0	± 0	± 0	± 0
hydrogen chloride	HCl	36.47	–22.06	– 92.4	–22.06	– 92.4

Table 33. Moles per kilogram of inert Components

Component	Formula	mol/kg

aluminum oxide	Al2O3	9.808
barium sulfate	BaSO4	4.284
calcium carbonate	CaCO3	9.991
guhr (silicic acid)	SO2	16.65
iron oxide	FeO3	6.262
magnesium sulfate	MgSO4	11.858
potassium chloride	KCl	13.413
sodium chloride	NaCl	17.11
talc	Mg3(SiO10)(OH)2	2.636 (21 atoms)
water (slurry component)*)	H2O	55.509

Heat of evaporation of H2O:

555.5 kcal/kg = 2325.9 kJ/kg = 10.01 kcal/mol = 41.91 kl/mol

331

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

Thermodynamic Calculation of Decomposition Reactions	332

Table 34. Data of solid explosion reaction products.

Product mol

Formula	Molecular Weight	Energy of Formation	Molar Heat of Fusion	Number of Atoms in Molecule	Molar Heat of Sublimation
		kcal/	kcal/		kcal/
		mol	mol		mol

sodium
chloride	NaCl	58.44	– 97.98	2	6.73	50.3
potassium
chloride	KCl	74.56	–104.03	2	6.28	48.1
magnesium
chloride	MgCl2	95.23	–152.68	3	10.3
sodium
carbonate	Na2CO3	105.99	–269.4	6	8.0
potassium
carbonate	K2CO3	138.21	–274.0	6	7.8
calcium
carbonate	CaCO3	100.09	–287.6	5
magnesium
carbonate	MgCO3	84.33	–261.0	5
barium
carbonate	BaCO3	197.37	–289.8	5
lead
carbonate	PbCO3	267.22	–166.2	5
aluminum
oxide	Al2O3	101.96	–399.6	5	28.3	115.7
						(at 2480 K)
iron oxide	Fe2O3	159.70	–196.1	5	–
lead	Pb	207.21	± 0	1	1.21	46.34
mercury	Hg	200.61	± 0	1	–	14.0

Table 35. Molar internal energies of reaction products c¯v (T-To); To = 25 °C ≈ 300 K.

Tem-	CO		CO2		H2O		H2		O2		N2		NO		C*)
pera-
ture	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ
K	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol

1000	3.65	15.28	6.34	26.55	4.64	19.43	3.41	14.28	4.33	18.13	3.59	15.03	3.77	15.78	3.31	13.86
1200	4.86	20.35	8.59	35.97	6.26	26.21	4.47	18.72	5.62	23.53	4.78	20.01	5.02	21.02	4.33	18.13
1400	6.11	25.35	10.91	45.68	7.99	33.45	5.58	23.36	6.93	29.02	6.01	25.16	6.30	26.38	5.32	22.27
1500	6.75	28.26	12.10	50.66	8.89	37.22	6.14	25.71	7.58	31.74	6.64	27.80	6.95	29.10	5.88	24.62
1600	7.39	30.94	13.31	55.73	9.81	41.07	6.72	28.14	8.22	34.42	7.28	30.48	7.61	31.86	6.38	28.71
1700	8.05	33.71	14.51	60.75	10.75	45.01	7.31	30.61	8.67	36.30	7.92	33.16	8.28	34.67	6.92	28.97
1800	8.69	36.39	15.77	66.03	11.52	48.23	8.13	34.04	9.61	40.24	8.57	35.88	9.02	37.77	7.48	31.32
1900	9.34	39.11	16.94	70.92	12.43	52.04	8.64	36.17	10.17	42.58	9.20	38.52	9.66	40.44	7.95	33.27
2000	19.99	41.83	18.13	75.91	13.38	56.02	9.17	38.39	10.77	45.09	9.84	41.20	10.31	43.16	8.46	35.42
2100	10.64	44.55	19.33	80.93	14.35	60.08	9.74	40.78	11.39	47.68	10.49	43.92	10.97	45.93	8.94	37.43
2200	11.31	47.35	20.56	86.08	15.34	64.22	10.32	43.20	12.04	50.41	11.15	46.68	11.64	48.73	9.53	39.90
2300	11.98	50.16	21.81	91.31	16.36	68.49	10.92	45.72	12.71	53.21	11.81	49.44	12.31	51.54	10.10	42.28
2400	12.65	52.97	23.07	96.59	17.39	72.81	11.54	48.31	13.39	56.06	12.48	52.25	12.99	54.38	10.68	44.71
2500	13.33	55.81	24.34	101.91	18.43	77.16	12.17	50.95	14.09	58.99	13.15	55.05	13.67	57.23	11.28	47.22
2600	14.02	58.70	25.61	107.22	19.49	81.60	12.81	53.63	14.80	61.96	13.83	57.90	14.36	60.12	11.88	49.74
2700	14.70	61.55	26.90	112.63	20.56	86.08	13.47	56.39	15.52	64.98	14.51	60.75	15.06	63.05	12.50	52.32
2800	15.39	64.44	28.20	118.07	21.63	90.56	14.13	49.16	16.25	68.03	15.20	63.64	15.75	65.94	13.12	54.93
2900	16.08	67.33	29.50	123.51	22.72	95.12	14.80	61.96	17.00	71.17	15.88	66.48	16.45	68.87	13.75	57.57
3000	16.78	70.26	30.81	129.00	23.81	99.69	15.47	64.77	17.75	74.31	16.57	69.37	17.15	71.80	14.30	59.87
3100	17.47	73.15	32.12	134.48	24.91	104.29	16.16	67.66	18.50	77.45	17.26	72.26	17.85	74.73	15.04	62.97
3200	18.17	76.08	33.44	140.01	26.02	108.94	16.84	70.50	19.26	80.64	17.96	75.19	18.56	77.71	15.69	65.69
3300	18.87	79.01	34.77	145.58	27.13	113.59	17.54	73.43	20.03	83.86	18.65	78.08	19.26	80.64	16.35	68.45
3400	19.57	81.94	36.10	151.15	28.25	118.28	18.23	76.32	20.80	87.08	19.35	81.01	19.97	83.61	17.01	71.22
3500	20.27	84.87	37.43	156.71	29.37	122.97	18.93	79.25	21.58	90.35	20.05	83.94	20.68	86.58	17.67	73.98
3600	20.97	87.86	38.76	162.28	30.50	127.70	19.64	82.23	22.37	93.66	20.74	86.83	21.39	89.55	18.34	76.78

333

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

Tem-	CO		CO2		H2O		H2		O2		N2		NO		C*)
pera-
ture	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ
K	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol

3700	21.67	90.73	40.10	167.89	31.63	132.43	20.35	85.20	23.15	96.92	21.45	89.81	22.11	92.51	19.01	79.59
3800	22.38	93.71	41.44	173.50	32.76	137.16	21.06	88.17	23.94	100.23	22.15	92.74	22.82	95.54	19.69	82.44
3900	23.08	96.64	42.78	179.11	33.89	141.89	21.78	91.19	24.73	103.54	22.85	95.67	23.53	98.52	20.36	85.24
4000	23.79	99.61	44.13	184.77	35.03	146.67	22.49	94.16	25.53	106.89	23.55	98.60	24.25	101.53	21.04	88.09
4100	24.50	102.58	45.47	190.38	36.17	151.44	23.21	97.18	26.33	110.24	24.26	101.57	24.97	104.54	21.73	90.98
4200	25.20	105.51	46.82	196.03	37.32	156.25	23.94	100.23	27.13	113.59	24.96	104.50	25.68	107.52	22.41	93.83
4300	25.91	108.49	48.17	201.68	38.46	161.03	24.66	103.25	27.93	116.94	25.67	107.48	26.40	110.53	23.10	96.71
4400	26.62	111.46	49.52	207.34	39.61	165.84	25.39	106.30	28.74	120.33	26.37	110.41	27.12	113.55	23.79	99.60
4500	27.33	114.43	50.88	213.03	40.76	170.66	26.12	109.36	29.54	123.68	27.08	113.38	27.84	116.56	24.49	102.53
4600	28.04	117.40	52.23	218.68	41.91	175.47	26.85	112.42	30.35	127.07	27.79	116.35	28.56	119.58	25.17	105.38
4700	28.75	120.38	53.59	224.38	43.07	180.33	27.58	115.47	31.16	130.46	28.50	119.32	29.28	122.59	25.86	108.27
4800	29.46	123.35	54.95	230.07	44.22	185.14	28.31	118.53	31.98	133.90	29.21	122.30	30.00	125.61	26.56	111.20
4900	30.17	126.32	56.31	235.76	45.38	190.00	29.04	121.59	32.79	137.29	29.91	125.23	30.72	128.62	27.26	114.13
5000	30.88	129.29	57.67	241.46	46.54	194.86	29.78	124.68	33.60	140.68	30.62	128.20	31.44	131.63	27.95	117.02
5100	31.60	132.31	59.03	247.15	47.70	199.71	30.52	127.78	34.42	144.11	31.33	131.17	32.16	134.65	28.65	119.95
5200	32.31	135.28	60.39	252.85	48.86	204.57	31.25	130.84	35.24	147.54	32.04	134.15	32.89	137.71	29.35	122.88
5300	33.02	138.25	61.76	258.59	50.02	209.43	31.99	133.94	36.06	150.98	32.76	137.12	33.61	140.72	30.05	125.81

* If carbon separation occurs.

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

334

Table 36. Molar internal enthalpies of reaction products c¯v (T-To); To = 25 °C ≈ 300 K.

Tem-	CO		CO2		H2O		H2		O2		N2		NO
pera-
	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ
ture	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol
K

700	4.99	20.89	7.68	32.16	5.98	25.04	4.75	19.89	5.22	21.85	4.93	20.64	5.11	21.39
900	6.60	27.63	10.33	43.25	8.00	33.49	6.21	26.00	6.91	28.93	6.52	27.29	6.75	28.30
1100	8.24	34.50	13.04	54.59	10.12	42.37	7.71	32.28	8.62	36.09	8.14	34.00	8.43	35.29
1200	9.08	38.01	14.43	60.41	11.22	46.98	8.47	35.46	9.49	39.73	8.97	37.55	9.28	38.86
1300	9.92	41.53	15.84	66.32	12.34	51.67	9.25	38.73	10.36	43.38	9.81	41.07	10.14	42.46
1400	10.78	45.14	17.25	72.23	13.48	56.44	10.04	42.03	11.25	47.10	10.65	44.59	11.01	46.10
1500	11.62	48.66	18.70	78.30	14.45	60.50	11.06	46.31	12.54	52.50	11.50	48.15	11.95	50.03
1600	12.47	52.21	20.07	84.03	15.56	65.15	11.77	49.28	13.30	55.69	12.33	51.63	12.79	53.55
1700	13.32	55.77	21.46	89.86	16.71	69.96	12.50	52.33	14.10	59.04	13.17	55.14	13.64	57.11
1800	14.16	59.29	22.85	95.67	17.87	74.82	13.26	55.52	14.91	62.43	14.00	58.62	14.49	60.67
1900	15.03	62.93	24.28	101.66	19.06	79.80	14.04	58.79	15.76	65.99	14.87	62.26	15.36	64.31
2000	15.81	66.20	25.73	107.73	20.29	84.91	14.84	62.14	16.63	69.63	15.73	65.86	16.23	67.96
2100	16.77	70.22	27.19	113.84	21.51	90.06	15.66	65.57	17.51	73.31	16.60	69.50	17.11	71.64
2200	17.65	73.90	28.66	120.00	22.79	95.42	16.49	69.04	18.41	77.08	17.47	73.15	17.99	75.32
2300	18.54	77.63	30.16	126.28	24.01	100.53	17.33	72.56	19.32	80.89	18.35	76.83	18.88	79.05
2400	19.42	81.31	31.62	132.39	25.28	105.85	18.19	76.16	20.24	84.74	19.23	80.52	19.78	82.82
2500	20.30	85.00	33.11	138.63	26.54	111.12	19.04	79.72	21.16	88.60	20.11	84.20	20.66	86.50
2600	21.19	88.72	34.61	144.91	27.83	116.52	19.91	83.36	22.11	92.60	20.99	87.90	21.56	90.27
2700	22.09	92.49	36.12	151.23	29.12	121.93	20.78	87.01	23.06	96.55	21.88	91.61	22.46	94.04
2800	22.98	96.22	37.63	157.56	30.42	127.37	21.67	90.73	24.01	100.53	22.77	96.34	23.36	97.81
2900	23.88	99.99	39.15	163.92	31.73	132.85	22.55	94.42	24.97	104.55	23.67	99.11	24.27	101.62
3000	24.78	103.75	40.68	170.33	33.04	138.34	23.48	98.31	25.94	108.61	24.56	102.83	25.17	105.39
3100	25.68	107.52	42.21	176.73	34.36	143.87	24.34	101.91	26.91	112.67	25.46	106.60	26.08	109.20

335

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

Tem-	CO		CO2		H2O		H2		O2		N2		NO
pera-
	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ	kcal	kJ
ture	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol	/mol
K

3200	26.57	111.25	43.73	183.10	35.67	149.35	25.21	105.64	27.88	116.73	26.35	110.33	26.98	112.97
3300	27.47	115.02	45.26	189.50	37.00	154.92	26.14	109.45	28.87	120.88	27.24	114.05	27.89	116.78
3400	28.37	118.79	46.80	195.95	38.33	160.49	27.05	113.26	29.85	124.98	28.15	117.86	28.81	120.63
3500	29.28	122.60	48.34	202.40	39.66	166.06	27.96	117.07	30.84	129.13	29.05	121.63	29.72	124.44
3600	30.18	126.36	49.88	208.85	40.99	171.63	28.88	120.02	31.83	133.27	29.95	125.40	30.63	128.25
3700	31.09	130.17	51.43	215.34	42.33	177.24	29.79	124.73	32.83	137.46	30.85	129.17	31.55	132.10
3800	32.00	133.98	52.97	221.79	43.67	182.85	30.71	128.58	33.83	141.65	31.76	132.98	32.47	135.95
3900	32.89	137.71	54.51	228.23	45.01	188.46	31.69	132.69	34.82	145.79	32.65	136.71	33.37	139.72
4000	33.80	141.52	56.06	234.72	46.35	194.07	32.55	136.29	35.82	149.98	33.56	140.52	34.29	143.57
4100	34.71	145.33	57.61	241.21	47.70	199.72	33.48	140.18	36.83	154.21	34.46	144.28	35.21	147.42
4200	35.62	149.14	59.17	247.74	49.05	205.37	34.41	144.07	37.83	158.39	35.37	148.09	36.13	151.28
4300	36.53	152.95	60.72	254.23	50.40	211.02	35.34	147.97	38.85	162.66	36.28	151.90	37.05	155.13
4400	37.44	156.76	62.28	260.77	51.76	216.72	36.27	151.86	39.85	166.85	37.19	155.71	37.97	158.98
4500	38.35	160.57	63.84	267.30	53.11	222.37	37.20	155.76	40.78	170.75	38.10	159.52	38.89	162.83
4600	39.26	164.38	65.40	273.83	54.47	228.07	38.13	159.65	41.88	175.35	39.00	163.29	39.81	166.58
4700	40.17	168.19	66.96	280.36	55.84	233.80	39.07	163.59	42.89	179.58	39.91	167.10	40.73	170.54
4800	41.08	172.00	68.51	286.85	57.18	239.41	40.00	167.48	43.90	183.81	40.81	170.87	41.64	174.35
4900	41.99	175.81	70.07	293.38	58.54	245.11	40.93	171.37	44.92	188.08	41.72	174.68	42.57	178.24
5000	42.90	179.62	71.64	299.96	59.90	250.80	41.87	175.31	45.94	192.35	42.63	178.49	43.49	182.09

Values for carbon C can be taken from table 35.

Reactions Decomposition of Calculation Thermodynamic

336

337	Thermodynamic Calculation of Decomposition Reactions

Table 37. Equilibrium constants.

Tempe-	K1*) =	K2 =	K3**) =
rature	[CO] · [H2O]	[CO] · [NO]	[CO]2
K
K	[CO2] [H2]	[N2]1/2 [CO2]	[CO2]

1000	0.6929	1.791 V10–16	2.216 V10–3
1200	1.3632	2.784 V10–13	5.513 V10–2
1400	2.1548	5.238 V10–11	5.346 V10–1
1500	2.5667	4.240 V10–10	1.317
1600	2.9802	2.638 V10–9	2.885
1700	3.3835	1.321 V10–8	5.744
1800	3.7803	5.520 V10–8	10.56
1900	4.1615	1.982 V10–7	18.15
2000	4.5270	6.254 V10–7	29.48
2100	4.8760	1.767 V10–6	45.61
2200	5.2046	4.536 V10–6	67.67
2300	5.5154	1.072 V10–5	96.83
2400	5.8070	2.356 V10–5	134.2
2500	6.0851	4.858 V10–5	181.0
2600	6.3413	9.467 V10–5	238.1
2700	6.5819	1.755 V10– 4	306.5
2800	6.8075	3.110 V10– 4	387.0
2900	7.0147	5.295 V10– 4	480.2
3000	7.2127	8.696 V10– 4	586.8
3100	7.3932	1.383 V10– 4	706.9
3200	7.5607	2.134 V10–3	841.0
3300	7.7143	3.207 V10–3	989.1
3400	7.8607	4.704 V10–3	1151
3500	7.9910	6.746 V10–3	1327
3600	8.1144	9.480 V10–3	1517
3700	8.2266	1.307 V10–2	1720
3800	8.3310	1.772 V10–2	1936
3900	8.4258	2.364 V10–2	2164
4000	8.5124	3.108 V10–2	2406
4100	8.5926	4.030 V10–2	2656
4200	8.6634	5.160 V10–2	2919
4300	8.7296	6.530 V10–2	3191
4400	8.7900	8.173 V10–2	3474
4500	8.8442	1.013 V10–1	3765
4600	8.8888	1.243 V10–1	4064
4700	8.9304	1.511 V10–1	4370
4800	8.9698	1.823 V10–1	4684
4900	9.0001	2.181 V10–1	5003
5000	9.0312	2.591 V10–1	5329
5100	9.0524	3.056 V10–1	5659
5200	9.0736	3.581 V10–1	5993
5300	9.0872	4.171 V10–1	6331

*Revised values published in JANAF Thermochemical Tables, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan, 1965. The values for K2 and K3 are taken from Cook, The Science of High Explosives, Chapman & Hall, London

1958.

** Applies only in the presence of elementary carbon.

Thrust	338

For more detailed calculations (e.g. if the presence of free carbon must be assumed), the reader is referred to M. A. Cook: The Science of High Explosives, Chapman & Hall, London 1958 and, by the same author: The Science of Industrial Explosives, copyright 1974 by IRECO CHEMICALS, Salt Lake City, USA. They contain basic data on heat capacities and equilibria constants concerned, as well as computing programs for hand and machine calculations.

The data for the Tables above have been taken from this book. The data for enthalpies and energies of formation are taken from H. Bathelt, F. Volk, M. Weindel, ICT-Database of Thermochemical Values, Sixth update (2001), FRAUNHOFER-INSTITUT FÜR CHEMISCHE TECHNOLOGIE, D-76318 Pfinztal-Berghausen.

Thrust

Schub; poussee´

In rocket technology, the recoil force produced by rearward gas discharge. It is expressed in tons, kiloponds, or newtons, and is one of the most important characteristic rocket parameters. The initial weight of a rocket must remain within a certain relation to the thrust. The launching thrust chosen is usually higher than the cruising thrust; this can be achieved by the use of W Boosters.

Thrust Determination

Schubmessung; mesurage de la poussee´

The determination of the thrust of a rocket motor involves recording the time diagram of the force (tons, kp, or newtons) during combustion. The force is allowed to act on a support, with a pick-up element thrust cell interposed between them. The measurement is carried out by the aid of a strain gauge element (variation of resistance with pressure) or of a piezo-quartz element, and the results are recorded on an oscillograph connected in a compensation circuit. Modern measuring and computation techniques yield the total thrust time (impulse) immediately.

The same technique is applied for the determination of the pressure in the combustion chamber. The pressure cell must be attached to the previously prepared measuring points on the combustion chamber.

W Solid Propellant Rockets and W Specific Impulse.

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