Meyer R., Koehler J., Homburg A. Explosives. Wiley-VCH, 2002 / Explosives 5th ed by Koehler, Meyer, and Homburg (2002)

In addition, the water fog, which is produced at the same time, causes the dust to settle to the ground.

Pyrogen*)

Ignition system, which in itself, is a gas generator consisting of case, initiator, grain and sonic discharge nozzle.

Pyrophoric*)

Materials that will ignite spontaneously.

Pyrotechnical Compositions

Feuerwerksätze; compositions pyrotechniques

Oxidizer – fuel mixtures, which give off bright or colored light (Bengal fireworks), evolve heat (thermites), produce fogs (also colored fogs), or give acoustic effects (howling, whistling, and banging).

Special black powder granules for pyrotechnics W Black Powder. The additives employed for colored light are:

barium salts or boric acid for green; strontium salts for red;

cupric oxide for blue; sodium salts for yellow.

Pyrotechnical Fuses

Feuerwerkszündschnüre; fus´ees pyrotechniques

Pyrotechnical fuses are ~ Safety’ Fuses, which are specially adapted for pyrotechnical purposes by their diameter and their rigidity. They are cut into small (4~6 cm) segments.

Quantity – Distance Table*)

Sicherheitsabstands-Tabelle; tableau des distances des s´ecurit´

A Table listing minimum recommended distances from explosive materials stores of various weights to some predetermined location, p. 138.

* Text quoted from glossary.

Quick-Match

match cord; cambric; Stoppine

Quick-match serves to transfer ignition to pyrotechnic sets. It consists of between 2 and 16 spun cotton threads, which have been impregnated with black powder and dried. This impregnation is carried out by using an alcohol-water saturated black powder sludge, and the threads are drawn through this mixture and gauged by drawing them through an extruder die. The impregnation mass contains resin and gum arabic as binders. After the match cords have dried, they are cut into size; if they are to be used for larger fireworks, they receive an additional cover of paraffin-treated paper, and both ends are then tied. For additional safety, two Quickmatches are inserted into the paper sleeve.

Burning time is preset at between 30 to 100 s/m. A Quick match contained in paper tubes, is preset to a maximum of 40 m/s to avoid failure to ignition.

RDX

W Cyclonite

Recommended Firing Current*)

Soll-Zündimpulse; amp`erage recommande our le mise a´ feu

Current that must be applied to bridgewire circuit to cause operation of device within specified time.

Recommended Test Current*)

Maximum current that can be applied to bridgewire circuit for extended period of time without degrading prime material.

Regressive Burning*)

Degressiver Abbrand; brˆulage regressive

Condition in which mass flow produced by propellant grain decreases as web is consumed, due to decreasing area, decreasing burn rate, or both (W Progressive Burning Powder).

* Text quoted from glossary.

, Fifth Edition Rudolf Meyer, Josef Köhler, Axel Homburg

Quick-Match

match cord; cambric; Stoppine

Quick-match serves to transfer ignition to pyrotechnic sets. It consists of between 2 and 16 spun cotton threads, which have been impregnated with black powder and dried. This impregnation is carried out by using an alcohol-water saturated black powder sludge, and the threads are drawn through this mixture and gauged by drawing them through an extruder die. The impregnation mass contains resin and gum arabic as binders. After the match cords have dried, they are cut into size; if they are to be used for larger fireworks, they receive an additional cover of paraffin-treated paper, and both ends are then tied. For additional safety, two Quickmatches are inserted into the paper sleeve.

Burning time is preset at between 30 to 100 s/m. A Quick match contained in paper tubes, is preset to a maximum of 40 m/s to avoid failure to ignition.

RDX

W Cyclonite

Recommended Firing Current*)

Soll-Zündimpulse; amp`erage recommande our le mise a´ feu

Current that must be applied to bridgewire circuit to cause operation of device within specified time.

Recommended Test Current*)

Maximum current that can be applied to bridgewire circuit for extended period of time without degrading prime material.

Regressive Burning*)

Degressiver Abbrand; brˆulage regressive

Condition in which mass flow produced by propellant grain decreases as web is consumed, due to decreasing area, decreasing burn rate, or both (W Progressive Burning Powder).

* Text quoted from glossary.

Relay*)

An explosive train component that requires the required explosive energy to reliably initiate the next element in the train. Specifically applied to small charges that are initiated by a delay element, and in turn, cause the functioning of a detonator.

Reliability*)

Zuverlässigkeit

Statistical evaluation of probability of device performing its design function.

Resonance

W Erosive Burning.

Restricted Propellant*)

Propellant grain having portion of its surface area treated to control burning.

Restrictor:

Material applied to selected areas of propellant charge to prevent burning in these areas.

RID

Abbreviation for “Reglement` Concernant le Transport International Ferroviaires des Marchandises Dangereuses”. It contains the official regulations governing the haulage, admission, and packing for international railway traffic. W ADR are the corresponding regulations governing international motor traffic.

Table 26 shows the examination procedure as exemplified for the powder-form ammonium nitrate explosive Donarit 1 manufactured, in Germany.

* Text quoted from glossary.

Rifle Bullet Impact Test

Beschussprobe

is a USA standard test procedure for explosives of military interest.

Approximately 0.5 pound of explosive is loaded in the same manner as it is loaded for actual use: that is, cast, pressed, or liquid in a 3-inch pipe nipple (2-inch inside diameter, 1/16-inch wall) closed on each end by a cap. The loaded item, in the standard test, contains a small air space which can, if desired, be filled by inserting a way plug. The loaded item is subjected to the impact of caliber 30 bullet fired perpendicularly to the long axis of the pipe nipple from a distance of 90 feet.

Rocket*)

Rakete; roquette

Pressure vessel containing propellant, which, on being ignited, produces hot gases, which, in turn, are expelled through nozzle or nozzles to produce thrust.

Rocket Motor

Raketentriebwerk; moteur fus´ee; propulseur

The propulsion assembly of a rocket or W Missile. The driving force can be produced by burning liquid fuels in liquid oxidizers (liquid oxygen, nitric acid, or other oxidants such as liquid fluorine), by burning of solid propellants (W Solid Propellant Rockets), by burning solid fuels in liquid oxidizers (W Hybrids), or by catalytic decomposition of endothermal compounds (W Hydrazine; W Aerozin; W Aurol).

Rocket Test Stand

Raketen-Prüfstand; banc d’essai

The test stand serves to determinate the thrusts and pressures which develop during the combustion process (W Thrust Determination). Since we are interested in the combustion behavior at different temperatures, the test stands are mostly equipped with warm and cold chambers for conditioning prior to testing.

The design of some stands makes it possible to determine other thrust components (e.g., the side component in inclined nozzles) and torques.

* Text quoted from glossary.

Test stands may be designed for the engine to be tested in a vertical or in a horizontal position.

Modern test stands are also equipped for environmental testing (e.g., temperature changes, vibration, impact, and drop tests).

Rotational Firing*)

Delay blasting system used so that the detonating explosives will successfully displace the burden into the void created by previously detonated explosives in holes, which fired at an earlier delay period.

Round Robin Test

Ringversuch

Round Robin tests are testing procedures, developed by the joint effort of several institutes in different countries, with the purpose of obtaining comparable results. Such international tests are particularly useful if they are recognized as binding acceptance tests in the sales of munition from one country to another.

SAFE & ARM*)

Device for interrupting (safing) or aligning (arming) an initiation train of an explosive device, i.e., bomb or warhead.

Safety Diaphragm*)

Berstscheibe; diaphragme de securite´

Diaphragm, usually metal, that will rupture in the event that excessive gas generator chamber pressure develops.

Safety Fuses

Schwarzpulverzündschnüre; mechesˆ de surete´

Safety fuses are black powder cords with an external yarn winding adjusted to a definite combustion rate – usually 120 s/m. The purpose is to initiate to explosive charge by igniting the blasting cap of the primer. The fuse must be freshly cut in the plane perpendicular to its axis, and the plane of the cut must reach the ignition level of the cap.

* Text quoted from glossary.

, Fifth Edition Rudolf Meyer, Josef Köhler, Axel Homburg

Test stands may be designed for the engine to be tested in a vertical or in a horizontal position.

Modern test stands are also equipped for environmental testing (e.g., temperature changes, vibration, impact, and drop tests).

Rotational Firing*)

Delay blasting system used so that the detonating explosives will successfully displace the burden into the void created by previously detonated explosives in holes, which fired at an earlier delay period.

Round Robin Test

Ringversuch

Round Robin tests are testing procedures, developed by the joint effort of several institutes in different countries, with the purpose of obtaining comparable results. Such international tests are particularly useful if they are recognized as binding acceptance tests in the sales of munition from one country to another.

SAFE & ARM*)

Device for interrupting (safing) or aligning (arming) an initiation train of an explosive device, i.e., bomb or warhead.

Safety Diaphragm*)

Berstscheibe; diaphragme de securite´

Diaphragm, usually metal, that will rupture in the event that excessive gas generator chamber pressure develops.

Safety Fuses

Schwarzpulverzündschnüre; mechesˆ de surete´

Safety fuses are black powder cords with an external yarn winding adjusted to a definite combustion rate – usually 120 s/m. The purpose is to initiate to explosive charge by igniting the blasting cap of the primer. The fuse must be freshly cut in the plane perpendicular to its axis, and the plane of the cut must reach the ignition level of the cap.

* Text quoted from glossary.

ensure that the sample crushes the maximum net weight of sand, is designated as its sensitivity to initiation, and the net weight of sand crushed, finer than 30 mesh, is termed the sand test value. The net weight of sand crushed is obtained by subtracting from the total the amount crushed by the initiator when shot alone.

(b) Sand test for liquids.

The sand test for liquids is made in accordance with the procedure given for solids except that the following procedure for loading the test samples is substituted:

Cut the closed end of a No. 6 blasting cap and load one end of the cylinder with 0.20 g of lead azide and 0.25 g of tetryl, using a pressure of 3000 psi to consolidate each charge. With a pin, prick the powder train at one end of a piece of miner’s black powder fuse, 8 or 9 inches long. Crimp a loaded cylinder to the pricked end, taking care that the end of the fuse is held firmly against the charge in the cap. Crimp near the mouth of the cap to avoid squeezing the charge. Transfer of 0.400 g of the test explosive to an aluminum cap, taking precautions with liquid explosives to insert the sample so that as little as possible adheres to the side walls of the cap; when a solid material is being tested, use material fine enough to pass through a No. 100 U.S. Standard Sieve. The caps used should have the following dimensions: length 2.00 inches, internal diameter 0.248 inch, wall thickness 0.025 inch. Press solid explosives, after insertion into the aluminum cap, by means of hand pressure to an apparent density of approximately 1.2 g per cubic centimeter. This is done by exerting hand pressure on a wooden plunger until the plunger has entered the cap to a depth of 3.93 centimeters. The dimensions of the interior of the cap are: height 5.00 cm, area of cross section 0.312 square centimeters. Insert the cylinder containing the fuse and explosive charge to Tetryl and lead azide into the aluminum cap containing the test explosive for the determination of sand crushed.

Scaled Distance*)

Abstandsberechnung

A factor relating similar blast effects from various size charges of the same explosive at various distances. Scaled distance referring to blasting effects is obtained by dividing the distance of concern by an exponential root of the explosive materials.

* Text quoted from glossary.