Meyer R., Koehler J., Homburg A. Explosives. Wiley-VCH, 2002 / Explosives 5th ed by Koehler, Meyer, and Homburg (2002)

Fuze*)

Zünder, Anzünder; fus´ee

A device with explosive or pyrotechnic components designed to initiate a train of fire or detonation.

Fuze, delay. Any fuze incorporating a means of delaying its action. Delay fuzes are classified according to the length of time of the delay.

Fuze, long delay. A type of delay fuze in which the fuze action is delayed for a relatively long period of time, depending upon the type, from minutes to days.

Fuze, medium delay. A type of delay fuze in which the fuze action is delayed for a period of time between that of short delay and long delay fuzes, normally four to fifteen seconds.

Fuze Head*)

Zündschraube, Anzündschraube

A device for the ignition of a gun propellant. It consists of a percussion cap, containing a small amount of black powder booster in front, and a threaded armature part screwed into the base of the cartridge.

Gap Test

W Detonation, Sympathetic Detonation; Flash Over.

Gas Generators*)

gaserzeugende Ladungen; charges g´en´eratrices de gaz

Pyrotechnic or propellant device in which propellant is burned to produce a sustained flow of gas at a given pressure on demand. Gasgenerating units are employed in blasting operations conducted in mines without recourse to brisant explosives. The device consists of a non-detonating gas-generating material and a priming or a heating charge, which are confined together in a steel pipe. The heating charge evaporates the gas-generating substance such as liquid CO2 (W Cardox); another possibility is for the primer to initiate an exothermal chemical reaction (Chemecol process, Hydrox process). The gas-generating reaction may be the decomposition of nitrogen-rich compounds such as ammonium nitrate, or nitrate mixtures, or nitroguanidine in the presence of carbon carriers and sometimes in the

*Text quoted from glossary. The spelling and notion “fuze” is common in the USA.

, Fifth Edition Rudolf Meyer, Josef Köhler, Axel Homburg

Fuze*)

Zünder, Anzünder; fus´ee

A device with explosive or pyrotechnic components designed to initiate a train of fire or detonation.

Fuze, delay. Any fuze incorporating a means of delaying its action. Delay fuzes are classified according to the length of time of the delay.

Fuze, long delay. A type of delay fuze in which the fuze action is delayed for a relatively long period of time, depending upon the type, from minutes to days.

Fuze, medium delay. A type of delay fuze in which the fuze action is delayed for a period of time between that of short delay and long delay fuzes, normally four to fifteen seconds.

Fuze Head*)

Zündschraube, Anzündschraube

A device for the ignition of a gun propellant. It consists of a percussion cap, containing a small amount of black powder booster in front, and a threaded armature part screwed into the base of the cartridge.

Gap Test

W Detonation, Sympathetic Detonation; Flash Over.

Gas Generators*)

gaserzeugende Ladungen; charges g´en´eratrices de gaz

Pyrotechnic or propellant device in which propellant is burned to produce a sustained flow of gas at a given pressure on demand. Gasgenerating units are employed in blasting operations conducted in mines without recourse to brisant explosives. The device consists of a non-detonating gas-generating material and a priming or a heating charge, which are confined together in a steel pipe. The heating charge evaporates the gas-generating substance such as liquid CO2 (W Cardox); another possibility is for the primer to initiate an exothermal chemical reaction (Chemecol process, Hydrox process). The gas-generating reaction may be the decomposition of nitrogen-rich compounds such as ammonium nitrate, or nitrate mixtures, or nitroguanidine in the presence of carbon carriers and sometimes in the

*Text quoted from glossary. The spelling and notion “fuze” is common in the USA.

presence of catalysts. When a given pressure has been reached, a bursting disc releases the gases in the pipe. The sudden gas expansion taking place in the borehole has an effect similar to that of an explosion.

Gas Jet Velocity

Ausströmgeschwindigkeit; v´elocit´ a` jet de gaz

In rocket technology, the velocity of the combustion gases discharged from the combustion chamber and passing the nozzle into the atmosphere. The jet velocity and the mass flow serve to calculate the W Thrust. The jet velocity will increase with the pressure in the combustion chamber, i.e., with the expansion ratio under passage through the W Nozzle. The pressure in the combustion chamber should not be adjusted too high, otherwise the wall thickness of the chamber (i.e. its weight) will become too great (W Mass Ratio).

In accordance with the Saint-Venant and Wantzel formula

where:

P0 is the gas pressure at the nozzle exit (atmospheric pressure); P1 is the pressure in the combustion chamber;

k is the coefficient of specific heat;

R is the ideal gas constant measured in absolute units; T is the flame temperature in Kelvin, and

M is the mean molecular weight of the combustion gases.

The jet velocity is proportional to the square root of the combustion temperature and inversely proportional to the square root of the mean molecular weight of the combustion gases.

Other details can be deduced from the formula.

Other keywords in this connection: W Propellant Area Ratio W Solid Propellant Rockets.

Gas Pressure

Gasdruck; pression de gaz

The pressure generated in the chamber of a weapon; its value depends to a large extent on the nature of the weapon and of the powder selected. Standard determinations of gas pressure are carried out with the aid of a crusher (“measuring egg”) – a copper cylinder or a copper

pyramid – the compression of which is a measure of the gas pressure.

A complete gas pressure curve can only be plotted with the aid of piezo-quartz or other pressure recorder in conjunction with an oscillograph (W Ballistic Bomb).

Gelatine Donarit 1; 2; 2 E; S

Trade names of gelatinous explosives containing ammonium nitrate distributed in Austria by DYNAMIT NOBEL WIEN.

Gelatine Donarit 2 E and S are explosives for special purposes.

2 E for smooth blasting

S for seismic prospecting

Gelatins; Gelatinous Explosives; Gelignites

They are being replaced by cartridged

WEmulsion Slurries.

WPlastic Explosives, on the other hand, are dough-like mixtures of highly brisant crystalline explosives (e.g. RDX, W Cyclonite) with plasticizing agents, W Plastic Explosives.

Geosit 3

Trade name of a sensitized gelatinous special explosive distributed in Germany and exported by WASAGCHEMIE. It is used for seismic prospecting and mud capping.

The explosive can be supplied as a cartridge in sealable plastic tubes.

molecular weight: 200.5 oxygen balance: –15.9 % nitrogen content: 13.97 % density: 1.54 g/cm3

solidification point: +5 °C = 41°F lead block test: 475 cm3/10 g detonation velocity, confined:

6750 m/s = 22 100 ft/s at r = 1.54 g/cm3 deflagration point: 190 °C = 393°F

impact sensitivity: 0.7 kp m = 7 N m

Dinitrochlorohydrin is not hygroscopic and is practically insoluble in water. It is more volatile and less viscous than nitroglycerine.

Glycerol Dinitrate

Dinitroglycerin, Glycerindinitrat; dinitrate de glyc´erine

pale yellow oil

empirical formula: C3H6N2O7 molecular weight: 182.1 oxygen balance: –17.6 % nitrogen content: 15.38 % density: 1.51 g/cm3

solidification point: – 30 °C = – 22°F lead block test: 450 cm3/10 g deflagration point: 170 °C = 338°F impact sensitivity: 0.15 kp m = 1.5 N m

Glycerol dinitrate is a viscous liquid, but is more volatile and more soluble in water than nitroglycerine. It is hygroscopic and may be used as a gelatinizer of certain types of nitrocelluloses. It is more stable than glycerol trinitrate. Its vapors are toxic and cause headaches.

It is prepared by nitration of glycerol with nitric acid; such nitrations mostly yield mixtures of diand trinitroglycerine.

Glycerol – 2,4-Dinitrophenyl Ether Dinitrate

Dinitrophenylglycerinätherdinitrat;

dinitrate de glyc´erine-dinitroph´enyl´ether, Dinitryl

pale yellow crystals empirical formula: C9H8N4O11 molecular weight: 348.2 oxygen balance: – 50.6 % nitrogen content: 16.09 % density: 1.60 g/cm3

melting point: 124 °C = 255°F lead block test: 320 cm3/10 g deflagration point: 205 °C = 400°F

impact sensitivity: 0.8 kp m = 8 N m

This compound is prepared by reacting glycerol nitrophenyl ether with a nitric acid – sulfuric acid mixture at 25 – 30 °C (~77 °F). It is insoluble in water, but is readily soluble in acetone. It is a poor gelatinizer of nitrocellulose.

Glycerol Nitrolactate Dinitrate

Dinitroglycerinnitrolactat; dinitrate-nitrolactate de glyc´erine

colorless liquid

empirical formula: C6H9N3O11 molecular weight: 299.2 oxygen balance: – 29.7 % nitrogen content: 14.05 % density: 1.47 g/cm3

refractive index: n25D = 1.464 deflagration point: 190 °C = 374°F

Dinitroglycerol nitrolactate is practically insoluble in water, readily soluble in alcohol and ether, and is a good gelatinizer of nitrocellulose. It is more resistant to heat and less sensitive to impact than nitroglycerine.

Glycerol Trinitrophenyl Ether Dinitrate

Trinitrophenylglycerinätherdinitrat; dinitrate de trinitrophenyl-glyc´erine´ether

yellowish, light-sensitive crystals empirical formula: C9H7N5O13 molecular weight: 393.2

oxygen balance: – 34.6 % nitrogen content: 17.81 %

solidification point: 128.5 °C = 263.3°F lead block test: 420 cm3/10 g

deflagration point: 200 – 205 °C = 392 – 400°F impact sensitivity: 0.4 kp m = 4 N m

Glycerol trinitrophenyl ether dinitrate is insoluble in water, but is readily soluble in acetone; it does not gelatinize nitrocellulose.

It is prepared by nitration of phenyl glycerol ether with a nitric acidsulfuric acid mixture.

Glycidyl Azide Polymer

Glycidylazidpolymer; GAP

light-yellowish, viscous liquid

empirical formula of structural unit: C3H5N3O molecular weight of structural unit: 99.1 mean molecular weight: 2000

energy of formation: +1535.2 kJ/kg = +366.9 kcal/kg enthalpy of formation: +1422.9 kJ/kg = +340.1 kcal/kg oxygen value: –121.1 %

nitrogen content: 42.40 %

specific energy: 82.4 mt/kg = 808 kJ/kg

explosion heat (H2O liq.): 3429 kJ/kg = 820 kcal/kg normal volume of gases: 946 l/kg

viscosity: 4280 cP density: 1.3 g/cm3

deflagration temperature: 216 °C