Meyer R., Koehler J., Homburg A. Explosives. Wiley-VCH, 2002 / Explosives 5th ed by Koehler, Meyer, and Homburg (2002)

colorless crystals

empirical formula: C4H2N8O10 molecular weight: 322.1 oxygen balance: +5.0 % nitrogen content: 34.79 % density: 2.01 g/cm3 detonation velocity, confined:

9150 m/s = 30 000 ft/s at r = 1.95 g/cm3 deflagration point: 237 °C = 459°F

impact sensitivity: 0.15 – 0.2 kp m = 1.5 – 2 N m

The product is interesting because of its high density and also high detonation velocity.

Sorguyl is not hygroscopic, but it decomposes easily by hydrolysis. It is insoluble in hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but soluble in numerous solvents.

It decomposes when mixed with molten W TNT.

Dinitrobenzene

W Metadinitrobenzene

4,6-Dinitrobenzofuroxan

4,6-Dinitrobenzfuroxan; 4,6-dinitrobenzofurazan-1 -oxide; dinitro-dini- trosobenzene

yellow-gold needles empirical formula: C6H2N4O6 molecular weight: 226.1 oxygen balance: – 49,5 % nitrogen content: 24.78 % melting point: 172 °C

Dinitrobenzofuroxan is practically insoluble in water, alcohol and benzine. It is readily soluble in aromatic hydrocarbons and boiling acetic acid.

The compound is obtained by means of direct nitrating of benzofur- azan-1-oxide with concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid, or by heating

W Trinitrochlorbenzene (Picrylchloride) with sodium azide in acetic acid in a water bath.

Dinitrobenzofuroxan has a somewhat more explosive power than Picric Acid, but due to its slightly acidic properties and its relatively high production cost it has yet to become widely-used.

Of particular interest are the potassium and barium salts, both of which are thermally very stable and low W Initiating Explosive materials. In the categories of impact and friction sensitivity, the potassiumdinitrobenzofuroxan (KDNBF) falls between W Mercury Fulminate and W Lead Azide. It has been used mainly in the USA in explosiveinitiating compositions for both military and commercial applications since the early 1950s.

Dinitrochlorobenzene

1,2,4-Chlordinitrobenzol; dinitrochlorbenz`ene

pale yellow crystals

empirical formula: C6H3N2O4Cl molecular weight: 202.6

energy of formation: –13.8 kcal/kg = – 57.8 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: – 28.6 kcal/kg = –120 kJ/kg oxygen balance: – 71.1 %

nitrogen content: 13.83 % density: 1.697 g/cm3

boiling point: 315 °C = 599°F

solidification point: 43 °C = 109°F (isomere mixture) lead block test: 225 cm3/10 g

deflagration point: evaporation without deflagration impact sensitivity: up to 5 kp m = 50 N m no reaction friction sensitivity: up to 36 kp = 353 N pistil load no

reaction

critical diameter of steel sleeve test: at 1 mm P no reaction

Dinitrochlorobenzene is insoluble in water, but is soluble in hot ethanol, ether and benzene.

It is prepared by nitration of chlorobenzene, which yields a mixture of the 2,4- and the 2,6-isomers, with melting points of 53.4 °C (127.5°F) and 87– 88 °C (190 –192°F) respectively.

Dinitrochlorobenzene is not an explosive. It serves as an intermediate in many syntheses (W Hexanitrodiphenylamine; Trinitrochlorobenzene; Trinitroaniline; etc.).

Dinitrodimethyloxamide

Dinitrodimethyloxamid; dinitrodim´ethyloxamide

colorless needles

empirical formula: C4H6N4O6 molecular weight: 206.1

energy of formation: – 331.2 kcal/kg = –1385.8 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: – 354.2 kcal/kg = –1482.0 kJ/kg oxygen balance: – 38.8 %

nitrogen content: 27.19 % density: 1.523 g/cm3

lead block test: 360 cm3/10 g

detonation velocity, confined: 7100 m/s = 23 300 ft/s at r = 1.48 g/cm3

impact sensitivity: 0.6 kp m = 6 N m

The compound is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in ether and chloroform and soluble in acetone. It is chemically stable.

It is prepared by nitration of dimethyloxamide with a sulfuric acidnitric acid mixture.

Dinitrodioxyethyloxamide Dinitrate

Dinitrodioxiäthyloxamiddinitrat, Dinitrodiäthanoloxamiddinitrat, Neno; dinitrate de dioxy´ethyl-dinitroxamide; N, N'-dinitro-N, N' bis (2-hydrox- yethyl)-oxamide dinitrate

colorless flakes

empirical formula: C6H8N6O12 molecular weight: 356.2

energy of formation: – 355.5 kcal/kg = –1487.2 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: – 377.1 kcal/kg = –1577.7 kJ/kg oxygen balance: –18.0 %

nitrogen content: 23.60 % melting point: 88 °C = 190°F

This compound is readily soluble in acetone and in hot alcohol, and is insoluble in cold water. It is prepared by nitration of diethanoloxamide, the latter being prepared by condensation of monoethanolamine with oxalic acid.

Dinitrodiphenylamine

Dinitrodiphenylamin; dinitrodiph´enylamine

red crystals

empirical formula: C12H9N3O4 molecular weight: 259.2

energy of formation: +39.4 kcal/kg = +165 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: +21.1 kcal/kg = +88.3 kJ/kg oxygen balance: –151.2 %

nitrogen content: 16.22 % density: 1.42 g/cm3 melting point

2,4 –isomer: 220 °C = 364°F

2,6 –isomer: 107 °C = 161°F

Dinitrondiphenylamine is formed in nitrocellulose propellants stabilized by diphenylamine (W Stability).

Dinitroaphthalene

1,5-; 1,8-Dinitronaphthalin; dinitronaphthal`ene; Dinal

grey yellow powder

empirical formula: C10H6N2O4 molecular weight: 218.2 energy of formation:

1,5 –isomer: +49.7 kcal/kg = +208.1 kJ/kg

1,8 –isomer: +57.5 kcal/kg = +240.7 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation:

1,5 –isomer: +33.5 kcal/kg = +140.0 kJ/kg

1,8 –isomer: +41.25 kcal/kg = +172.6 kJ/kg oxygen balance: –139.4 %

nitrogen content: 12.84 %

volume of explosion gases: 488 l/kg heat of explosion (H2O liq.):

1,5 –isomer: 725 kcal/kg = 3031 kJ/kg

1,8 –isomer: 732 kcal/kg = 3064 kJ/kg specific energy: 58 mt/kg = 569 kJ/kg melting point: 1,5 –isomer: 216 °C = 421°F

1,8 –isomer: 170 °C = 338°F deflagration point: 318 °C = 605°F

This material is prepared by a two-step nitration of naphthalene with nitric acid. The commercial product, which is a mixture of isomers, melts above 140 °C = 276°F. It is readily soluble in benzene, xylene, and acetone and is sparingly soluble in alcohol and ether. It has been used in French explosive mixtures (schneiderites) as fuel mixed with ammonium nitrate.

Dinitroorthocresol

Dinitro-o-kresol; dinitroorthocr´esol

yellow crystals

empirical formula: C7H6N2O5 molecular weight: 198.1

energy of formation: – 221.8 kcal/kg = – 928.1 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: – 241.3 kcal/kg = –1009.4 kJ/kg oxygen balance: – 96.9 %

nitrogen content: 14.51 %

volume of explosion gases: 832 l/kg

heat of explosion (H2O liq.): 724 kcal/kg = 3027 kJ/kg specific energy: 70.5 mt/kg = 691 kJ/kg

melting point: 86 °C = 187°F

impact sensitivity: up to 5 kp m = 50 N m no reaction friction sensitivity:

up to 36 kp = 353 N pistil load no reaction

o-Dinitrocresol is prepared by introducing o-nitrophenyl glyceryl ether into mixed acid at 25 – 30 °C = 77– 85°F. It is insoluble in water and readily soluble in acetone; it is a poor gelatinizer of nitrocellulose.

Dinitrophenoxyethylnitrate

Dinitrophenylglykoläthernitrat; nitrate de 2,4-dinitroph´enoxy´ethyle

pale yellow crystals empirical formula: C8H7N3O8 molecular weight: 273.2

energy of formation: – 236.8 kcal/kg = – 990.6 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: – 256.3 kcal/kg = –1072.2 kJ/kg oxygen balance: – 67.4 %

nitrogen content: 15.38 % density: 1.60 g/cm3

solidification point: 64 °C = 147°F lead block test: 280 cm3/10 g detonation velocity, confined:

6800 m/s = 22 300 ft/s at r = 1.58 g/cm3 deflagration point: over 300 °C = 570°F impact sensitivity: 2 kp m = 20 N m

The compound is insoluble in water, but soluble in acetone and toluene. It is prepared by dissolving phenyl glycol ether in sulfuric acid and pouring the reaction mixture into mixed acid at 10 – 20 °C (50 – 68°F).

It is a nitrocellulose gelatinizer.

Dinitrophenylhydrazine

Dinitrophenylhydrazin

empirical formula: C6H6N4O4 molecular weight: 198.1

energy of formation: +81.2 kcal/kg = +339.6 kJ/kg enthalpy of formation: +60.3 kcal/kg = +252.1 kJ/kg oxygen balance: – 88.8 %

nitrogen content: 28.28 %

According to the studies performed by the Bundesanstalt für Materialprüfung, Germany (BAM), this compound may explode when dry, but

in the presence of 20 % water there is no longer any danger of explosion.

Dinitrosobenzene

Dinitrosobenzol; dinitrosobenz`ene

empirical formula: C6H4N2O2 molecular weight: 136.1 oxygen balance: –141 % nitrogen content: 20.58 % melting point: decomposition lead block test: 138 cm3/10 g

deflagration point: 178 –180 °C = 352 – 355°F impact sensitivity: 1.5 kp m = 15 N m

friction sensitivity:

up to 36 kp = 353 N pistil load no reaction critical diameter of steel sleeve test: 2 mm

This substance is explosive despite its low oxygen content. It will explode in a 1-in steel pipe if actuated by a primer.

Dinitrotoluene

Dinitrotoluol; dinitrotolu`ene; DNT

yellow needles

empirical formula: C7H6N2O4 molecular weight: 182.1 energy of formation:

2,4-isomer: – 70.0 kcal/kg = – 292.8 kJ/kg 2,6-isomer: – 38.1 kcal/kg = 159.5 kJ/kg

enthalpy of formation:

2,4-isomer: – 89.5 kcal/kg = – 374.7 kJ/kg

2,6-isomer: – 57.6 kcal/kg = – 241.2 kJ/kg oxygen balance: –114.4 %

nitrogen content: 15.38 %

volume of explosion gases: 807 l/kg heat of explosion:

specific energy: 70 mt/kg = 687 kJ/kg density: 2,4-isomer 1.521 g/cm3

2,6-isomer 1.538 g/cm3

melting point, pure 2,4-isomer: 70.5 °C = 159°F natural isomer mixture: about 35 °C = 95°F

vapor pressure of the 2,4-isomer:

heat of fusion:

2,4-isomer: 26.1 kcal/kg = 109 kJ/kg

2,6-isomer: 22.5 kcal/kg = 94 kJ/kg lead block test: 240 cm3/10 g

deflagration point: ignition at 360 °C = 680°F

impact sensitivity: up to 5 kp m = 50 N m no reaction friction sensitivity:

up to 36 kp = 353 N pistil load no reaction critical diameter steel sleeve fest: 1 mm

Dinitrotoluene is sparingly soluble in water, alcohol and ether, but readily soluble in acetone and benzene. It is formed as an intermediate in W TNT Synthesis.

The product, which is obtained as a low-melting mixture of six isomers, is an important component in the manufacture of both gelatinous and powdery commercial explosives; owing to its negative oxygen balance, it also serves as a carbon carrier. It is readily miscible with nitroglycerine and gelatinizes soluble guncotton.