Meyer R., Koehler J., Homburg A. Explosives. Wiley-VCH, 2002 / Explosives 5th ed by Koehler, Meyer, and Homburg (2002)

oxygen balance: – 61.1 % nitrogen content: 23.25 %

volume of explosion gases: 874 l/kg heat of explosion

(H2O liq.): 970 kcal/kg = 4058 kJ/kg (H2O gas): 939 kcal/kg = 3930 kJ/kg specific energy: 109 mt/kg = 1069 kJ/kg

density: 1.63 g/cm3

melting point: 95.8 °C = 204.4°F

heat of fusion: 18.7 kcal/kg = 78 kJ/kg lead block test: 325 cm3/10 g

impact sensitivity: 0.5 kp m = 5 N m friction sensitivity:

up to 36 kp = 353 N pistil load no reaction

The properties of this compound resemble those of Tetryl; it can be prepared from monoor diethylaniline.

Since the melting point of ethyltetryl is lower than that of Tetryl, the former can be more readily employed in energy-rich pourable mixtures.

EURODYN 2000®

EURODYN 2000® is the trade name of a gelatinous rock explosive made by the DYNAMIT NOBEL GmbH Company. In contrast to the classical W Ammongelites, this explosive does not contain any nitroaromatics harmful to health, such as W Dinitrotoluene and Trinitrotoluene.

EWALID W

EWALID W is the trade name of a new rock explosive made by the WASAG CHEMIE Sythen GmbH Company. Its good water resistance enables it to be used even in wet shotholes.

Exothermal*)

Process characterized by the evolution of heat (opposite of endothermal).

* Text quoted from glossary.

Explode*)

Explodieren; exploser

To be changed in chemical or physical state, usually from a solid or liquid to a gas (as by chemical decomposition or sudden vaporization) so as to suddenly transform considerable energy into the kinetic form (W Explosion).

Exploding Bridgewire*)

Detonator or initiator that is initiated by capacitor discharge that explodes (rather than merely heats) the bridgewire. Cannot be initiated by any normal shock or electrical energy.

Exploding BridgeWire Detonator (EBW)

An initiating device which utilizes the shock energy from the explosion of a fine metallic wire to directly initiate a secondary explosive train. Invented by Luis Alvarez for the Manhatten project in the early 1940’s, the basic EBW consists of a fine wire (typically gold, 0.038 mm in diameter, 1 mm long), next to a secondary explosive such asW PETN or W RDX. A large, fast current pulse (>200 amps in approximately 1 microsecond) through the wire causes it to rapidly vaporize generating a shock wave of about 15 kilobars. This intense shock wave is sufficient to directly initiate the low density explosive next to the exploding wire. The low density explosive is than used to initiate a higher density explosive output pellet which in turn can initiate main charge explosives.

Exploding Foil Initiator (EFI, Slapper)

Similar in some respects to an Exploding BridgeWire Detonator, the Exploding Foil Initiator uses a high electrical current to vaporize a foil and accelerate a dielectric flyer down a short barrel (typically about 0.2 mm long). The kinetic energy of the flyer is sufficient to initiate high density secondary explosives such as HNS directly. Invented in 1965 by John Stroud of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

* Text quoted from glossary.

Explosion*)

Chemical reaction or change of state effected in an exceedingly short period of time with the generation of a high temperature and generally a large quantity of gas. An explosion produces a shock wave in the surrounding medium. A detonation is a confined explosion, occuring e.g. in a closed chamber where volume is constant. An unconfined explosion is an explosion occuring in the open air where the (atmospheric) pressure is constant.

Explosion Heat

W Heat of Explosion

Explosion Temperature

Explosionstemperatur; temp´erature d’explosion

Explosion temperature is the calculated temperature of the fumes of an explosive material which is supposed to have been detonated while confined in a shell assumed to be indestructible and impermeable to heat; the calculation is based on the W Heat of Explosion and on the decomposition reaction, with allowance for the dissociation equilibria and the relevant gas reaction (W Thermodynamic Calculation of Decomposition Reactions). The real detonation temperature in the front of the shock wave of a detonating explosive can be estimated on the strength of the hydrodynamic shock wave theory, and is higher than the calculated explosion temperature.

Explosive Forming and Cladding

Metallbearbeitung durch Sprengstoffe; traitement des m´etaux par explosion

The applicability of explosive matrials for metal forming have been studied with three different objectives in view: sheet forming and matrix forming of flat items by pressure impact; metal plating; surface hardening of manganese hard steel.

The application of the pressure shock of an explosive to form very large workpieces is primarily intended, to achieve the shaping of a workpiece without using presses, which are very expensive. The transmission of the pressure impact takes place under water. Preliminary

* Text quoted from glossary.

experiments gave encouraging results, but a large-scale industrial application has not yet been developed.

The development of explosive cladding is very much more advanced: the metal sheet to be cladded is exploded onto the base material, parallel to it or at a certain angle. In this way it is possible to effect cladding tasks which would be impossible to fulfil by manual welding, owing to the formation of brittle intermediate alloys between the plating material and the base material – as, for instance, in plating titanium onto a steel surface.

On the surface of manganese steel, the impact of the explosive layer onto the steel surface results in hardening; the only objective of this process is that it enables repair work to be carried out on railway tracks in remote regions, and there is no need to convey the defective parts over long distances. In densely populated areas, forming explosions are difficult to perform.

Explosive Bolt*)

Sprengriegel; verrou destructif

A bolt that is intended to be fractured by a contained or inserted explosive charge.

Explosive Loading Factor*)

Spezifischer Sprengstoffverbrauch; consommation specitique d’explosits

The amount of explosive used per unit of rock, usually expressed as pounds of explosives per cubic yard of rock or tons of rock per pound of explosives, or their reciprocals.

Explosive Materials*)

Sprengmittel; materiaux explosif (W Table 11)

These include explosives, blasting agents and detonators. The term includes, but is not limited to, dynamite and other high explosives, slurries and water gels, blasting agents, black powder pellet powder, initiating explosives, detonators, safety fuses, squibs, detonating cord, igniter cord and igniters. A list of explosive materials determined to be within the coverage of “18 U.S.C. Chapter 40, Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials” is issued at

* Text quoted from glossary.

Table 11. Explosive Materials and their Application

Explosives

136