19. Consider the general logical, theoretical and empirical methods of research. Рассмотрите общелогические, теоретические и эмпирические методы исследования.

For the success of scientific research it is necessary to organize , plan and execute in sequence. These plans and sequence of actions depend on the type , the object and purpose of scientific research. So , if it is held on technical topics , the first major developed preplanning document - a feasibility study , and then carried out theoretical and experimental studies , compiled scientific and technical report and the results of introduced into production . Stages of research:

0) preparation ;

0) theoretical and empirical research ;

0 ) Work on the manuscript and its design ;

0) implementation of the results of scientific research.

Theoretical and empirical research stage consists of a systematic study of the literature on the topic, statistics and archival materials of theoretical and empirical research , including the collection processing , compilation and analysis of data; explaining new scientific facts , reasoning and formulating positions , conclusions and practical recommendations and suggestions.

There are empirical and theoretical levels of research and organization of knowledge in science. Theoretical level of scientific knowledge suggests the presence of specific binding of abstract objects and their theoretical laws. The goal of theoretical level is to expand the knowledge of society and to help better understand the laws of nature. Such developments are mainly used for the further development of new theoretical studies, which may be long-term, low cost, etc.

Theoretical level of research is dominated by logical methods of cognition. At this level, we investigate the facts obtained, processed using logical concepts, reasoning, laws and other forms of thinking. Structural components of theoretical knowledge are problem, hypothesis and theory.

Elements of empirical knowledge are facts obtained through observation and experimentation, and declaring a qualitative and quantitative characteristics of objects and phenomena. Stable connection between the empirical characteristics are expressed by empirical laws.

Empirical research level characterized by a predominance of sensory perception (the study of the external world through the senses).

Interaction of empirical and theoretical levels of the study is that:

- The set of facts is a practical basis for the theory or hypothesis;

- Facts may confirm or refute the theory;

- Scientific fact can not be formulated without a system of concepts and interpreted without theoretical concepts;

- An empirical study in modern science is predetermined by the theory.

20. Relate the features of the formulation of research issue. Расскажите об особенностях формулирования темы научного исследования.

Preparatory stage of research is the selection of research topics.

The theme of the research work can be attributed to a particular scientific field or scientific problem.

Under the direction of scientific research to understand the scope of the scientific team, dedicated to solving any major, fundamental theoretical and experimental problems in a particular branch of science.

Structural units directions are complex issues, problems, issues and questions. Complex problem involves several problems.

Theme - a scientific task, covering a specific area of research.

Topics may be theoretical, practical and mixed.

Theoretical topics are developed mainly using literature.

Practical topics are developed based on the study, synthesis and analysis of the facts.

Miscellany combine theoretical and practical aspects of the study.

When developing a theme or issue put forward a specific task in the study -develop new design, advanced technology, a new technique, and so on. D.

The choice of topics is preceded by a thorough acquaintance with the domestic and foreign sources of this and related specialties.

Setting (option) is so difficult, demanding task, involves a number of stages.

• The first stage - the formulation of problems. Based on the analysis of the contradictions of the investigated areas formulate the basic question - problem - and define in general terms the expected result.

• The second stage involves the development of the structure of the problem. Allocate threads subtopics questions. The composition of these components must be tree problem. For each topic, identify the approximate area of research.

• In the third stage the urgency of the problem, ie its value at this stage, to science and technology. To this end, for each topic, and put a few objections based on the analysis, the method of the research approach, eliminate objections to the reality of the topic.

• After such a "cleansing" eventually make up the structure of the problem and indicate conditional code threads subtopics questions.

Requirements for selection of topics:

1) The theme should be relevant, that is important, requiring permission now.

2) The theme should solve a new scientific problem.

3) The subject must be cost effective and should have the same value.