What Is Behaviorism?

“Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors”. - John Watson.

Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviorism, behavior can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. There are two major types of conditioning:

1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.

2. Operant conditioning Operant conditioning (sometimes referred to as instrumental conditioning) is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior. Through operant conditioning, an association is made between a behavior and a consequence for that behavior.

Major Thinkers in Behaviorism are: Ivan Pavlov, B. F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, John B. Watson, Clark Hull.

Ex. 1. Translate the given words into Ukrainian.

1. Behavioral psychology, 2. healthy infants, 3. observable manner, 4. internal mental states, 5. behavioral training, 6. neutral stimulus, 7. conditioned stimulus, 8. conditioned response, 9. interaction with the environment, 10. Thinkers in Behaviorism.

Ex. 2. Translate the following words into English

1. немовля, 2. фахівець, 3. теорія, 4. створення умов, 5. вчення, 6. відповідь, 7. стимул-реакція, 8. метод, 9. покарання, 10. наслідок.

Спеціальність: Хореографія

Regional styles of dance in Ukraine

Ukrainian folk dance was fundamentally altered when it began to be performed onstage, as it was transformed into a new art form: Ukrainian folk-stage dance. Once dance masters such as Verkhovynets and Avramenko began gathering a repertoire of dances and touring Ukrainian lands with their troupes, teaching workshops in the villages as they went, the inherent regional variations which stemmed from the improvisational nature of pre-modern Ukrainian folk dances began to slowly fade. The types of dances one would see in one part of the country began to be performed in other parts of the country, and "Ukrainian dances" became a more homogeneous group.

Ukraine has many ethnocultural regions, many with their own music, dialect, form of dress, and dance steps. The scholarship of Verkhovynets and Avramenko, however, was mostly limited to the villages of central Ukraine. Gradually, others began filling in the gaps of this research, by researching the dance forms of the various ethnic groups of western Ukraine, publishing this scholarship, and founding regional dance ensembles. Most of this research, however, occurred after Verkhovynets' and Avramenko had already toured Ukraine, which limited the available sources of "traditional dance" knowledge to isolated villages or the immigrant communities who left their native territories before Verkhovynets and Avramenko began touring.

Ex. 1. Translate the given words into Ukrainian.

1. folk dance, 2. art form, 3. a repertoire of dances, 4. teaching workshops, 5. homogeneous group, 6. dance ensembles, 7. traditional dance, 8. folk-stage dance ensembles, 9. advanced instruction and choreographies, 10. ritual dances.

Ex. 2. Translate the following words into English

1. народний, 2. стиль, 3. трупа, 4. імпровізаційна природа, 5. танцювальний крок, 6. учення, 7. пантоміма, 8. байка, 9. тур, 10. вплив.

Спеціальність: Образотворче мистецтво