Figure 2.10 - Other net non-interest income of China Construction Bank

This was mainly due to the sharp decrease in gains from disposal of non-stripped investment held through debt-equity swap and income from bondinterest rate spread. Figure 2.10 indicate income increases of China Construction Bank. Other net operating income increased by RMB2,194 million, or 21.54%, over 2012, to RMB12,380 million. This was mainly due to the increase of insurance business income of CCB Life and exchange earnings.

The combination of consumer surplus and producer surplus obtained by buyers and sellers when engaging in a market exchange. Gains from trade arise because buyers are typically willing and able to pay a higher price to purchase a good than what they end up paying and because sellers are typically willing and able to accept a lower price to sell a good than what they end up receiving. Both sides of the market exchange are thus better off, have a net gain in welfare, by making the trade. While all types of market exchanges generate gains from trade, this topic is perhaps most important for an understanding of international trade.

Net trading gain was 1,863 million, an increase of 1,475 million, or 380.15%, over the previous year (Table 2.15). This was mainly due to the increase in the realised income from derivatives and the decrease of revaluation losses of financial assets at fair value through profit or loss.

Table 2.15 – Net trading gain of China Construction Bank

Indicators	2012	2013	Changes
Debt securities	226	(488)	2,15
Derivatives	1,299	2,229	17,16
Equity investments	(421)	341	80,2
Others	759	1,010	33,0
Total	1,863	3,092	60,02

For the year ended 31 December 2013, trading gain related to financial assets designated at fair value through profit or loss of the Group amounted to 4,461 million (2012: loss 203 million). Trading gain related to financial liabilities designated at fair value through profit or loss of the Group amounted to 3,630 million (2012: gain 1,680 million).

An operating expense, operating expenditure, operational expense, operational expenditure   is an ongoing cost for running a product, business, or system. Its counterpart, a capital expenditure ,is the cost of developing or providing non-consumable parts for the product or system.

For example, the purchase of a photocopier involves capital expenditure, and the annual paper, toner, power and maintenance costs represents operating expense. For larger systems like businesses, operating expense may also include the cost of workers and facility expenses such as rent and utilities.

In business, an operating expense is a day-to-day expense such as sales and administration, or research & development, as opposed to production, costs, and pricing. In short, this is the money the business spends in order to turn inventory into throughput.

On an income statement, "operating expenses" is the sum of a business's operating expenses for a period of time, such as a month or year.In throughput accounting, the cost accounting aspect of the theory of constraints ,operating expense is the money spent turninginventory into throughput.