Clinical Examination Dr Osama Mahmoud

Due to marked

congestion

of the liver, also

late with cardiac

cirrhosis.

3. Obstructive:

to cholestasis.

Compression of bile canaliculi by the congested liver leading

4. Associated:

"

The

commonest

(e.g. viral hepatitis).

Important

symptoms

of other systems:

* G.I.T:

. .

/

Myocardial infarction.

~ Nausea and vomiting

~

Digitalis toxicity.

\

Gastrointestinal

congestion with

right sided failure.

production of A.N.P.!?

* Neurological:

~ Embolic manifestations

hemiplegia.

GENERAL EXAMINATION

I

@ Jaundice

(as before)

Cl Cyanosis

(as before).

- Pallor with jaundice e.g.: mechanical

haemolysis of RBCs on artificial valves.

- Cyanoicterus (cyanosis and jaundice)

occurs in cases of T.1.

4. Thyroid

swelling (hyperthyroidism ~ t HR, hypothyroidism ~ ~ HR).

5. Lymph

nodes with mediastlnal $ causing obstruction of S.V.C.

cn=

Temperature.

cn=

Tremors

(due to anxiety

or hyperthyroidism).

cn=

Capillary

pulsation.

cn=

Splinter hemorrhage. }

cn=

Osler nodules.

(Infective endocarditis)

cn=

Jane way spot.

cn=

Cyanosis.

cn=

Clubbing.

cn=

Spooning

or Koilonychia.

CARDIAC SHEET

I

ILOCAL EXAMINATION OF THE HEART

Local Examination:

o Inspection.

J

we usually inspect and palpate

at the same time to determine

f) Palpation.

@) Percussion.

chamber enlargement

o Awscultation.

(8) Apex:

o Site.

@ Extent

1. Site:

It is the lower most outer most visible

and Palpable

pulsation.

Normally it is in the

Lt. s" intercostal

space just inside the

mid clavicular

line (M.C.L.).

Its area is about one inch in diameter,

3.5 inch from

the midline.

Abnormalities

in site:

1) Shifted

outwards:

a- Right ventricular enlargement.

b- Right Pleural effusion or Pneumothorax.

c- Left sided lung fibrosis.

2) Shifted

down

and out in

Left ventricular

enlargement

3) Shifted

to the

right:

a- Left pleural effusion

or pneumothorax.

b- Right sided lung fibrosis.

c- Dextrocardia.

4) Shifted

upward:

a- Upper lobe fibrosis.

b- Infra diaphragmatic

causes

as ascites,

pregnancy.

5) Absent

apex:

(not visible

or palpable)

a- Thick chest wall.

b- Apex

under a rib.

c- Emphysema.

d- Pericardial effusion.

e- Obese persons.

F- Dextrocardia

!?

Normally

it is localized i.e the apex

diameter

is less than

one

inch or presents

in one

space

or its medial

border is well defined.

a- Diffuse

apex

(Right

ventricular

pulsation):

The

apex

diameter

is more than

one

inch or presents in more than

one space

or the

apex medial

border

is ill defined,

this

indicates right

ventricular enlargement,

(not

all

cases

of right ventricular

enlargement

causes

diffuse

apex).

b- Localized

apex

(Left

ventricular

pulsation):

The

apex

diameter

is less than

one inch or presents

in one space or the apex medial

border

is

well defined,

this

is

present

in

normal

persons

and

in

cases

of

left

ventricular

hypertrophy.

The

medial

border

of the apex is the most

important

to

determine

the extent

of

the

apex

(localized

or

diffuse

apex).

-

c. Other pulsations:

1-Left

3rd and 4th parasternal

space

pulsation

= right ventricular enlargement

or

dilated left atrium

pushing

the

right ventricle

forward!?

11-Left

2nd space

pulsation

= pulmonary

artery dilatation

e.g. p ++

111Right-

2nd space pulsation

= Ascending aorta dilatation

e.g. systemic

hypertension

- aortic

aneurysm

- post stenotic

dilatation.

IVEpigastric

pulsation

= right ventricular

enlargement

- Aortic

pulsation or liver

pulsation.

= Hyperdynamic

V- Pulsation

in the suprasternal

notch

circulation,

aneurysm

of

the arch of aorta or due to the kinking

of carotid arteries

in old age due to

atherosclerosis.

D. Scars of previous

operation:

'y

Midline

sternotomy (open

heart surgery)

e.g.: valve replacement

or coronary

bypass.

'"

Inframammary

transverse

scar (closed

heart surgery)

e.g.: mitral valvotomy.

1- Confirm

the site

of the

apex.

2- Character

of the

apex: (comment

on amplitude and duration)

a- Normally: the apex gives

gentle tap i.e.: apex of no special character.

b- Hyperdynamic

apex: in (diastolic or volume overload) as M.I., A.I., V.S.D.

& PDA.

c- Heaving

sustained: (Systolic or pressure overload) e.g.: A.S. Systemic

hypertension.

d- Slapping

Apex: Palpable

1st sound with weak apex in M.S.

Many students

are puzzled

by the fact that the finger is lifted during systole,ttlis

is due to the rotatory

movement

of.the heart during contraction, this .leads to forward

~} Epigastric

pulsation (confirm the origin of pulsation):

C'>S

Right

ventricle:

pulsation to the tip of the fingers coming from above downward,

usually it is below left costal margin.

(')3

Aorta'

From the back to the front

slightly to the left of the mid line.

(',~ Liver:

Expansile

systolic pulsation

in TI, it is below the right costal margin.

Thrill of aortic

valve-disease:

*A.S.: systolic

thrill

(is felt on the base

in cases

of organic A.S).

*A.I.: 'systolic

thrill

over

n

nly (carotid

shud

ing due to vibratio

during forceful

ventricul

tole). Carotid

sh

ering also can be felt

in A.S due

i_.J.O vibration of the

blood

within carotid

arteries.

III. Percussion: (Now it is not reliable)

1. Percussion

of the right border

of the heart:

~

We start on the right M.C.L. using heavy percussion from above

downward.

Normally

there is dullness

in the 4.th space (upper

border of the liver) or it may

be in

the 5th space. Precede one space

above

i.e. 3rd space or 4th and percuss

parallel to

the right border of the sternum.

Normally

no dullness to the right of the sternum,

even

the sternum itself

is resonant,

any

dullness to the

right of the sternum means

right

atrial enlargement,

aortic aneurysm

or pericardial effusion.

2- Percussion

of the upper border

(the base):

~

This is done by comparing

the aortic with the pulmonary area. Normally both

are resonant. Percuss

each space from lateral to medial (from MCl to the sternum).

>-

Dullness

on the left 2nd

space =

pulmonary

artery dilatation.

);>

Dullness

on the right z= space

= Ascending Aortic dilatation or aortic

4- Percussion

of the left border of the heart:

~ By percussing

from the outside of the apex to the apex. Dullness outside the

Cardiac sheet

~

We can percuss and compare right 3rd

space

with the left 3rd space outside

the M.C.L. (for enlargement of left border of the

heart)

e.g.: left ventricular aneurysm

or large

left atrium?!

H rt

: .

d

<The

1st and

z=

heart sounds and their intensity.

We reAPorton

s:

-

ea

soun

.

(3~ and 4th heart sounds)

B- Additional

sounds:

Extra heart sounds

o Opening

snap.

c- Murmurs.

o Ejection

systolic

clicks.

0-

Pericardial

rubs.

@) The bell of the stethoscope is best listening to low pitched sounds e.g.:

3rd and 4th heart sounds

and also the murmur

of mitral stenosis.

@) The diaphragm

identifies

high pitched

sounds

e.g.: normal heart sounds

@ Composed of 2 components:

a- Valvular

component:

Closure

of the Mitral and Tricuspid valve.

b- Muscular

component:

(contraction of the ventricle)

» Vibration

in the chorda

tendinae.

" Vibration

of blood during

ventricular systole.

A- Causes of accentuated

51 :

1- M.S. (decreased filling

of left ventricle = closure of the valve from a lower position).

2- Hyperdynamic

states.

3- Short P.R. interval. (Decreased

Filling of the heart)

= decreased

4- Tachycardia: due to shortening

of the time of diastole

filling of

left ventricle.

5- Systemic

hypertension

with left ventricular

hypertrophy

(long standing

hypertension)

~

t muscular component

of S1.

1. Closure

of the semilunar valves. (Pulmonary

and aortic valves)

2. Vibration

of the blood

in the great vessels.

03'

On the aortic area the aortic component of S2 is only heard

so

S2 over the aortic area never split.

03' Aortic component

louder & heard allover the pericordium.

03'

Pulmonary

component

heard on pulmonary

area only.

03'

So the

pulmonary

component

and

aortic

component

heard over

the pulmonary

area,

so,

physiological

splitting can

be heard (increases

during

inspiration and

decreases

during

expiration).

r:r

Hypotension

and shock.

r:r

Thick chest

etc.

r:r Thick chest

etc.

"~'" Phy';iologic~lsplitting.

(audible inspitatorY/~plit)1

,

'W Wid~spiittil'1gis

due to .delayqf closure'of putmo!1aryvalve ~ncHhedetay is

::,!npf:~asElddurjhg

inspiration Clueto t'V.R e.ginVSD, PS, Rt 8BB.,

"'~'.

~Wide~fixedsplitting

as wide splitting but is not affected by inspirati6riinASb"

"@~eversed,splitting

is due to delay of aortic component, so the pulmonary valve .'

I

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