ГРАММАТИКА ЭКЗАМЕН / 11 PARTICIPLE II

PARTICIPLE II

Participle II can be called a Passive Participle as it forms a passive structure which can be seen if you transform it into a clause:

The events shown in the film.  The events that are/were shown in the film.

Participle II has only one form – the 3d form of the verb: completed, thought, expressed, placed etc.

Participle II formed from transitive verbs always has a passive meaning. Its Russian equivalents are past and present participles of perfective and non-perfective aspect in the passive form.

given: данный/дававшийся/даваемый/дающийся

sold: проданный/продававшийся/продаваемый/продающийся

Participle II formed from intransitive verbs always has an active meaning. Its Russian equivalents are past participles in the active voice.

gone: ушедший

faded: увядший, завявший

The Functions of the Participles

There are several common functions of the Participles:

1) Attribute: Participle I: I know the reporter covering the news.

Participle II: The news covered in the report deal with the

situation in the Middle East.

2) Predicative: Participle I: Your offer sounds embarrassing.

Participle II: He sounds embarrassed.

3) Complex Object:

Participle I: I heard him playing the tune.

Participle II: I heard the tune played.

4) Adverbial Modifiers of:

a) Time Participle I: (While/when)/ Asking about the accident the

girl started crying.

Participle II: When asked about the accident the girl

started crying.

b) Comparison:

Participle I: She looked as if waiting for an answer.

Participle II: He stopped as if struck by the news.

5) Parenthesis:

Participle I: Frankly speaking, I don't know the answer.

Participle II: As mentioned above, there are three main types of companies.

There are some functions of the Participles that do not coincide. Only Participle I performs the functions of:

a) Manner: She stopped looking at the ad.

b) Cause: Being ill at ease, he couldn't utter a word.

Only Participle II performs the functions of:

1. Condition: If broken, her heart wouldn't stand it.

2. Concession: Though surprised, she didn't show it.

NB: 1.When a prior action is meant no Participle I can be used as attribute, only an attributive clause is used:

The diplomat addressed the students who had filled the lecture hall (Дипломат выступил перед студентами, собравшимися в зале).

Compare: Женщина, стоявшая на крыльце, вошла в дом → The woman who had been standing on the porch went into the house (the action expressed by the participle is prior to that of the finite form); Я обратился к женщине, стоявшей на крыльце → I addressed the woman standing on the porch (simultaneous actions);

2. Participle I of the verb to be is not used as adverbial modifier of time. Thus the sentence Будучи в Петербурге, я посетил несколько раз Эрмитаж should be translated with the help of the when-clause When in Petersburg (or When I was in Petersburg) I visited the Hermitage several times.

3. If the Russian adverbial participle (деепричастие) with the negative particle не is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of cause/reason, it is translated by the Participle with the negative particle not.

Не сообщив им об этом, он чувствовал себя виноватым. –

Not having informed them about it, he felt guilty. (why?)

If the Russian adverbial participle (деепричастие) with the negative particle не is used in the function of an adverbial modifier of manner (or attendant circumstances), it is translated by the Gerund with the preposition without.

Он уехал, не сообщив им об этом. –

He left without informing them about it. (how?)