- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •Vocabulary exercises
- •I. Find equivalents:
- •II. Match the synonyms:
- •III. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs if necessary:
- •IV. Match each term in Column a with its definition in Column b:
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •IX. Retell the text a using the following words and
- •Reading drills
- •1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
- •Comments
- •V. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:
- •VII. Complete the following sentences:
- •VIII. Answer the following questions:
- •IX. Translate into English:
- •X. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by suitable English
- •Grammar exercises The Participle. Forms and Functions
- •I. Give all the participial forms of the following verbs:
- •III. Replace one of the predicates by Participle I:
- •IV. Replace the parts in bold type by Participle Phrases:
- •V. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •VI. Define the forms of the Participle:
- •VII. Translate into English:
- •VIII. Define the functions of the Participle:
- •IX. Translate into English:
- •Complexes with the Participle
- •X. Combine the two sentences into one using complexes
- •XI. Use the Participal Complex instead of a Subordinate Clause:
- •XII. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XIII. Practise the following according to the pattern:
- •XV. Answer the following questions:
- •XVI. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XVII. Translate into English:
- •XVIII. Replace the Subordinate Clause by the Absolute
- •XIX. Translate into Ukrainian:
- •XX. Translate into English:
- •Exercises for individual work
- •I. Open the brackets, using the correct form of the Participle:
- •II. Complete the sentences using the Participle or complexes
- •III. Combine the two sentences into one using complexes
- •IV. Use the Participal Complex instead of a Subordinate Clause:
- •V. Translate into English:
U N I T 14
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TOPIC: AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND DEMAND TEXT A TEXT B GRAMMAR: The Participle. Forms and Functions Complexes with the Participle |
Reading drills
1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:
a) stress the first syllable:
bring, single, aggregate, quality, quantity, adequate, motivated, labour, force, factor, natural, national, income, saving, trace, trends.
b) stress the second syllable:
economy, economic, economist, producer, production, productive, affect, performance, investment, account, accounting, consume, consumption, amount, statistics, efficiency, combine, improve.
Text A
Just as economists study the amount of goods and services brought to market by a single producer, they also study the total amount of goods and services produced by the economy as a whole. Thus, they examine aggregate supply1 — the total amount of goods and services produced by the economy in a given period, usually one year.
A number of factors affect an economy’s aggregate supply. Two of these are the quantity of resources used in production and the quality of those resources. For example, an economy must have an adequate supply of natural resources and capital goods to be productive2.
It also needs a skilled and highly motivated labour force. A third factor affecting aggregate supply is the efficiency with which the resources are combined. If they are combined in a productive way, aggregate supply will increase.
In order to measure aggregate supply, statistics must be kept. To keep with this task economists use national income accounting3 — a system of statistics, that keeps track of production4, consumption, saving and investment in the economy. National income accounting also makes it possible to trace long-run trends in the economy and to form new public policies to improve the economy.
The most important economic statistics kept in the national income accounts is Gross National Product (GNP). This is the dollar measure of the total amount of final goods and services produced in a year. It is one of the most important and comprehensive statistics kept on the economy’s performance5.
Comments
1. aggregate supply — сукупна пропозиція
2. to be productive — щоб бути продуктивною
3. national income accounting — розрахунок національного прибутку
4. ... keeps track of production — слідкує за виробництвом
5. ... kept on the economy’s performance — яка продовжує характеристику економіки
Vocabulary exercises
I. Find equivalents:
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1. adequate supply of natural resources 2. to keep with a task 3. final goods 4. to trace long-run trends in the economy 5. skilled labour force 6. national income accounting 7. capital goods 8. to improve the economy 9. aggregate supply
and services 11. single producer 12.Gross National Product (GNP) 13. the quantity and the quality |
а. загальна кількість товарів та послуг б. кваліфікована робоча сила в. засоби виробництва г. відповідний (достатній) запас природних багатств д. сукупна пропозиція е. поліпшувати стан економіки є. валовий національний продукт ж. виконувати завдання з. кількість і якість и. розрахунок національного прибутку і. окремий виробник ї. готова продукція й. намічати перспективні напрямки в економіці |