функционализм

ɪɨɥɶ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. (ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜɟɞɭɳɢɣ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɤ ɧɟɨɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ Ⱦɠ.Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɟɪ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɥ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɤɚɤ

“ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɡɦ”22, ɚ Ɋ.Ȼɢɪɫɬɟɞɬ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɡɚɦɟɬɢɥ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɤɪɭɝ ɤɥɸɱɟɜɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɬɟɦ ɨɱɟɪɱɟɧ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ “Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɜ

ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ”, ɨɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɟɳɟ ɜ 1935 ɝ.23)

ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɩɨ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɭ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɢ ɫɭɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ “ɪɟɡɨɧɵ” ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɢ ɧɨɪɦɵ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɨɥɸɧɬɚɪɢɡɦ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɰɟɥɟɣ. ȼ “ɋɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ” (1937) ɞɚɧɚ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɬɚ,

ɫɭɦɦɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ. ȿɞɢɧɢɱɧɵɣ ɚɤɬ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɵ:

-ɚɝɟɧɬ, ɢɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ;

-ɰɟɥɶ, ɢɥɢ “ɩɪɟɞɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɟ ɛɭɞɭɳɟɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɥ”, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɧɨ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ;

-“ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ”, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɭɸ ɜ ɫɟɛɹ 1) “ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ”, ɬ.ɟ. ɬɟ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɵ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ,

ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɢ 2) “ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ”, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɜɧɟ ɟɝɨ

ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ;

-“ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɚɰɢɸ”, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ,

ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ.

Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɧɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɤɚɤ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ, ɜɨ-ɩɟɪɜɵɯ, ɜɜɟɫɬɢ ɜ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ “ɬɨɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ”, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬ ɰɟɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ. ȼɨ-ɜɬɨɪɵɯ, ɩɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɣ ɬɟɯ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɵ ɜ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɚ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɡ

22Alexander, J. Theoretical Logic in Sociology. Vol.1. London: Routledge, 1982.

23Bierstedt, R. American Sociological Theory: a Critical History. New York: Academic Press, 1981. P. 396-398.

48

ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ - ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ, ɬɨɝɞɚ ɤɚɤ ɭɬɢɥɢɬɚɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɢ ɛɢɯɟɜɢɨɪɢɫɬɫɤɢɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɳɢɯ ɢɦ, ɩɨ ɦɧɟɧɢɸ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ, ɚɬɨɦɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦɚ) ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɜɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ

ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ ɜɧɟɲɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ (ɬ.ɟ., ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ,

ɮɚɤɬɨɪɵ “ɫɢɥɵ ɢ ɨɛɦɚɧɚ”).

Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɢ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɬɨ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ, ɱɬɨ ɜɨɥɸɧɬɚɪɢɡɦ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɥɟ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɜɟɪɫɢɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɡɦɚ (ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɡɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ): ɢɡ ɬɪɟɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɨɛɳɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ - ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ -

ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ24) ɧɚɢɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɚɹ ɩɨɞɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɜɨɟɝɨ ɪɨɞɚ ɮɢɤɫɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɟɣ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɟɧɢɣ, “ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɫɬɟɣ-ɞɢɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɣ”. ȼɵɫɲɢɣ ɠɟ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ,

ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ “ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɦɢɪ” ɰɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɢ ɧɨɪɦ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɢɣ, ɜ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɦ ɫɱɟɬɟ, ɢ

ɢɧɬɟɪɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɟɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ), ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ (ɩɚɬɬɟɪɧɨɜ) ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ.

Ɋɟɲɚɟɬ ɥɢ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɭɥɚɫɶ ɝɟɦɩɟɥɟɜɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ (ɫɦ. ɜɵɲɟ)? ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɢɡ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɦɨɞɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɱɟɦ ɜɨ ɜɬɨɪɨɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɨɦɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɫɚɦɚ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ “ɜɵɛɨɪɚ”.

ɂɧɵɦɢ ɫɥɨɜɚɦɢ, ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ “ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɛɟɡ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ”, ɢɥɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ,

ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɦɨɟ “ɪɚɫɫɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɞɭɪɤɨɦ”, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ (ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɦɵ ɫɬɪɨɢɥɚɫɶ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɒɸɰɟɦ ɢ, ɩɨɡɞɧɟɟ,

49

Ƚɚɪɮɢɧɤɟɥɟɦ). Ⱥɬɨɦɢɡɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɢɡɦ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɫɬɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɚ ɰɟɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɛɨɥɟɡɧɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɦɢ,

ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɢ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɤɚɤ ɤɨɧɮɨɪɦɢɫɬɫɤɨɝɨ “ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦ” (ɨɛ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɯ ɦɵ ɛɭɞɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɟɟ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɫɭɠɞɟɧɢɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ).

ȼ ɫɭɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɞɟɥɶ, ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɉɚɪɫɨɧɫɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ Ƚɟɦɩɟɥɹ, ɧɟ ɞɚɟɬ ɧɢɤɚɤɢɯ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɣ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ, ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɫɨɰɢɨɥɨɝɨɦ, ɢ

ɫɟɦɚɧɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟɦ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɹ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɣ (ɫɦ. ɬɟɦɭ “ɉɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɡɦ ɢ ɞɟɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ-ɧɨɦɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɦɨɞɟɥɶ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɟɧɢɹ”,

ɫ.32): ɥɢɛɨ ɧɨɪɦɵ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ

“ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɟɣ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɵ” ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ, ɥɢɛɨ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɤ ɩɪɹɦɨɦɭ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɨɦɭ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɸ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ,

ɩɨɧɹɬɢɟ “ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɨɪɚ” ɭɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɫɹɤɨɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ.

IV ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɯɨɞ

Ɍɟɦɚ 9: Ɉɬ ɚɧɬɢɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ: ɉ.ɍɢɧɱ ɨɛ

ɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɹɯ “ɩɪɚɜɢɥ” ɜ ɫɨɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɧɚɭɤɚɯ

24ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɚɦɵɣ ɧɢɡɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜ ɢɟɪɚɪɯɢɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ.

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