Lesson 2

1. Practice connected reading. Translate into Ukrainian.

Transport communications, economic sectors, transport of all types, transportation system, production and non-production, scientific and technological progress, well-trained engineer, the European motor road network, favorable environment, transportation policy, world transportation system, transportation infrastructure, exploitation and repairing costs of rail facilities, availability of auto-tracks net, technical state, common problems.

П. Read and translate the text:

Transportation in Ukraine

Transport is one of the leading economic sectors meeting production and non-production needs of the national economy and population for all types of transportation. In Ukraine, transport of all types is well developed, including railway, motor, sea, air, river, pipeline and electronic transport.

Railway transport lays a leading role in transport communications. It accounts for a major part of freight and passenger transportation. At present, the total length of Ukrainian railroads is 22,800 km including 8,300 km electrified. The Ukrainian railway transportation system ranks fourth in the world after Russia, the United States and Canada. Ukraine is linked via railways with many countries of the world. It annually transports over 300 million tons of freight and more than 500 million passengers. The railway network density is the highest in the Donbas, Pry-dniprovia and western regions of Ukraine.

Motor transport development has been boosted recently, with its role steadily growing. Annually, over a billion tons of freight and 2.5 billion passengers are transported. The length of general-purpose motor ways totals169,000 km. Highways link Ukraine with other countries integrating it with the European motor road network.

There is a favorable environment, both natural and social-economic, for sea transport in Ukraine. The Black Sea and the Sea of Azov do not freeze, providing Ukraine with an access to the Mediterranean through the straits of Bosphorus and Dardanelles. The total length of the sea coastal line exceeds 2,000 km. Regular sea transportation started back in the 18th century, and its development continues today. The most significant sea ports are Odesa, Izmail, Illichivsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Sevastopol, Yalta, Feodosia, and Kerch. The Black and Azov Sea Fleets form the basis of the sea transportation system. Ukraine has 18 ports and 8 ship yards.  Air transport is the youngest transportation means. It connects Ukraine with many countries and interlinks nearly all cities of Ukraine. More than 100 airports ensure transportation of freights, mail and passengers to every corner of the country. Ukraine also has developed pipeline transport. The length of gas pipelines is nearly 35,000 km, that of oil pipelines is 2,500 km. A part of them are trans-European mainlines transporting oil, petrochemicals, natural gas and other products.

Vocabulary notes

density -- щільність, концентрація

annual – щорічний, річний

strait – вузька протока

corner -- куток

mainline -- магістраль

Lexical and Grammar Exercises

Exercise 1. Complete the sentence.

1. Transport is one of the leading economic sectors meeting production…………

2. The Ukrainian railway transportation system………………………………………….

3. Motor transport development………………………………………………………………….

4. Sea transport system in Ukraine……………………………………………………………………

5. In Ukraine, transport of all types……………………………………………………………..

Exercise 2. Translate these sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the active vocabulary of the text.

1.Transport development depends upon development and allocation of productive abilities of the state. 2.Transportation policy provides state instructions with shipments. 3. Ukraine has the purpose to become an integral part of European transportation system as it is used as a transportation country to ship goods. 4. Reasonable planning will reduce the transportation costs. 5. Satellite technology allows to establish communication across a wide geographic area such as region or even the world. 6. Last week we signed the contract for car shipment. 7. Electronic Data Interchange is defined as intercompany computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in standard formats to facilitate high-volume transactions. 8. To study transport logistics one must have a basic understanding of supply management. 9. Aircraft of Ukraine is not competitive in the foreign market of airlines because of inefficient training of personnel. 10. Transport development depends upon development and allocation of productive abilities of the state.

Exercise 3.Translate these sentences into English.

1.Україна має широко розвинуту транспортну систему. 2. Автомобільні перевезення є найважливішими в Україні. 3. Українська транспортна система є складовою частиною європейської транспортної системи. 4. Транспорт привносить у наше життя великі соціальні та екологічні проблеми. 5. Україна має добре розвинений громадський транспорт. 6. Комп’ютерні системи залучаються до контролювання транспорту на автошляхах. 7. Тисячі людей слідкують за розвитком автомобільного транспорту. 8. Ефективна транспортна система дуже важлива для України через її територію та виробничі потужності.

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions on the text:

1. What is transportation system?

2. What are the main types of transportation in Ukraine?

3. Ukrainian transportation system is an integral part of the Europenian transportation system,

isn’t it?

4. Can You name the main sea ports of Ukraine?

5. Do You like our roads?

6. Is Ukraine linked via railways with many countries of the world?

7. What is the total length of the sea coastal line of Ukraine?

Exercise 5. Retell the text.

Exercise 6. Translate sentences with Indefinite Active into Ukrainian.

1. This passenger car needs fuel­ling every 300 miles. 2. They supply us with all necessary information. 3. A submarine of this design can cross the Arctic under water. 4. The engine broke down at the beginning of the test. 5. One of the main advantages of an aircraft is its very high speed. 6. There was some engine trouble and the driver asked the passengers to leave the car. 7. The main drawback of the new design is its large side. 8. There was not much traffic on the roads. 9. The commission will consider this offer carefully before accepting it.10. Metals are the fundamental materials used in the metal working and machine-building industries.

Exercise 7. Open the brackets using the Infinitives in Present, Past and Future Indefinite Passive. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. Synthetic rubber (to use) in many branches of industry. 2. Before the experiment the substances (to mix) in a large cup. 3. This instrument (to prefer) to as because of its great reliability. 4. In general, organic coatings (to use) for protecting structures and machines. 5. The last experimental results constantly (to receive) by the professor. 6. The Houses of Parliament (to situate) in West-minster. 7. In the 19th century a considerable number of raw material (to import) from colonial countries. 8. Synthetic rubber widely (to use) in many branches of industry. 9. The design of the engine (to give) much attention to. 10. The students (to ask) several difficult questions.

Exercise 8. Change the sentences from Active into Passive Voice. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. My brother carries out many interesting experiments in our lab. 2. The engineer often gives the workers instructions. 3. The teacher often shows the students new devices. 4. In the assemble shop the workers assemble parts and fit them on the body of the machine. 5. My friend sends me two reference books a year. 6. In the engineering shop engineers repair engines. 7. The postman brings us newspapers and letters in the morning.

Exercise 9. Change the sentences Indefinite Passive into Indefinite Active. Translate into Ukrainian.

1. Modern cars are built of iron, glass and plastic. 2. Quantity is transformed into quality. 3. Efficient methods were used to increase the quantity of manufactured goods. 4. This powerful machine is operated by one person. 5. The expedition was supplied with all the necessary equipment. 6. The ice-breaker is designed for operation in Arctic waters. 7. Fuelling stations are situated along the highway. 8. The metric system of measures and weights is adopted by almost all the countries of the world. 9. At 100ºC water is converted into steam. 10. Bulky loads are usually transported by railway or by ship.

Lesson 3

1. Practice connected reading. Translate into Ukrainian.

passenger transportation, public transport, national tax revenue, high-speed rail net-works, scheduled timetable, a door-to-door service, urban public transport, normally regulated and possibly subsidized, historical and economic reasons, extensive and frequent systems, less comprehensive public transport, sufficient information, good visibility, pedestrian traffic, modern traffic, large-scale study, passenger mode of transportation.

П. Read and translate the text: