26510318-Bio-Transformation-of-Xenobiotics

hydropyrimidine dehydrogenase by (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil derived from the antiviral, sorivudine. Cancer Lett 122:107–113, 1998.

Okey AB: Enzyme induction in the cytochrome P450 system. Pharmacol Ther 45:241–298, 1990.

Omura T: Forty years of cytochrome P450. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 266:690–698, 1999.

Oshima M, Dinchuk JE, Kargman SL, et al: Suppression of intestinal polyposis in APC delta716 knockout mice by inhibition of cyclooxyge- nase-2 (COX-2). Cell 87:803–809, 1996.

Owens IS, Ritter JK: The novel bilirubin/phenol UDP-glucuronosyltrans- ferase UGT1 gene locus: Implications for multiple nonhemolytic familial hyperbilirubinemia phenotypes. Pharmacogenetics 2:93–108, 1992.

Parkinson A, Hurwitz A: Omeprazole and the induction of human cytochrome P450: A response to concerns about potential adverse effects. Gastroenterology 100:1157–1164, 1991.

Paulson GD, Caldwell J, Hutson DH, Menn JJ (eds): Xenobiotic Conjugation Chemistry. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1986, pp 1–358.

Peck CC, Temple R, Collins JM: Understanding consequences of concurrent therapies. JAMA 269:1550–1552, 1993.

Penning TM: Molecular endocrinology of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Endocr Rev 18:281–305. 1997.

Pianezza ML, Sellers EM, Tyndale RF: Nicotine metabolism defect reduces smoking. Nature 393:750, 1998.

Pichard L, Fabre I, Fabre G, et al: Cyclosporin A drug interactions: Screening for inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes and in liver microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 18:595–606, 1990.

Pirmohamed M, Park BK: Metabolic models of cytotoxicity, in Woolf TF (ed): Handbook of Drug Metabolism. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp 443–476.

Pohl LR, Kenna JG, Satoh H, et al: Neoantigens associated with halothane hepatitis. Drug Metab Rev 20:203–217, 1989.

Poland A, Palen D, Glover E: Analysis of the four alleles of the murine aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Mol Pharmacol 46:915–921, 1994.

Porter TD, Coon MJ: Multiplicity of isoforms, substrates, and catalytic and regulatory mechanisms. J Biol Chem 266:13469–13472, 1991.

Prescott LF: Paracetamol, alcohol and the liver. Br J Clin Pharmacol 49:291–301, 1999.

Probst MR, Beer M, Beer D, et al: Molecular cloning of a novel esterase involved in the metabolic activation of arylamine carcinogens with high sequence similarity to hormone-sensitive lipase. J Biol Chem 269:21650–21656, 1994.

Prochaska HJ, Talalay P: Regulatory mechanisms of monofunctional and bifunctional anticarcinogenic enzyme inducers in murine liver. Cancer Res 48:4776–4782, 1992.

Purohit V, Basu AK: Mutagenicity of nitroaromatic compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 13:673–692, 2000.

Radjendirane V, Jaiswal AK: Antioxidant response element-mediated 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induction of human NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 gene expression. Biochem Pharmacol 58:1649–1655, 1999.

Rahman A, Korzekwa KR, Grogan J, et al: Selective biotransformation of taxol to 6A-hydroxytaxol by human cytochrome P450 2C8. Cancer Res 54:5543–5546, 1994.

Rajagopalan KV: Xanthine oxidase and aldehyde oxidase, in Jakoby WB (ed): Enzymatic Basis of Detoxication. Vol 1. New York: Academic Press, 1980, pp 295–306.

Radominska-Pandya A, Czernik PJ, Little JM, et al: Structural and functional studies of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Rev 31:817–899, 1999.

Rao SI, Duffel MW: Inhibition of aryl sulfotransferase by carboxylic acids. Drug Metab Dispos 19:543–545, 1991.

Ratnayake JH, Hanna PE, Anders MW, Duggan DE: Sulfoxide reduction in vitro reduction of sulindac by rat hepatic cytosolic enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 9:85–87, 1981.

Rendic S, Di Carlo FJ: Human cytochrome P450 enzymes: A status report

summarizing their reactions, substrates, inducers and inhibitors. Drug Metab Rev 29:413–580, 1997.

Rettie A, Wienkers L, Gonzalez FJ, et al: Impaired (S)-warfarin metabolism catalyzed by the R144C allelic variant of CYP2C9. Pharmacogenetics 4:39–42, 1994.

Rettie AE, Fisher MB: Transformation enzymes: Oxidative; non-P450, in Woolf TF (ed): Handbook of Drug Metabolism. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp 131–151.

Riley RJ, Workman P: DT-diaphorase and cancer chemotherapy. Biochem Pharmacol 43:1657–1669, 1992.

Rodrigues AD: Comparison of levels of aldehyde oxidase with cytochrome P450 activities in human liver in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 48:197– 200, 1994.

Rodrigues AD: Intergrated cytochrome P450 reaction phenotyping: Attempting to bridge the gap between cDNA-expressed cytochromes P450 and native human liver microsomes. Biochem Pharmacol 57:465–480, 1999.

Rushmore TH, Morton MR, Pickett CB: The antioxidant responsive element: Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity. J Biol Chem 266:11632–11639, 1991.

Ryan DE, Levin W: Purification and characterization of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450. Pharmacol Ther 45:153–239, 1990.

Rychter MD, Land SJ, King CM: Histological localization of acetyltransferases in human tissue. Cancer Lett 143:99–102, 1999.

Sano M, Ernesto C, Ronald MS, Thomas RG, et al: A controlled trial of selegiline or -tocopherol, or both as treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med 336:1216–1222, 1997.

Satoh T: Role of carboxylesterases in xenobiotic metabolism. Rev Biochem Toxicol 8:155–181, 1987.

Satoh T, Hosokawa M: The mammalian carboxylesterases: From molecules to functions. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 38:257–288, 1998.

Saunders MP, Patterson AV, Chinje EC, et al: NADPH: Cytochrome-c (P450) reductase activates tirapazamine (SR4233) to restore hypoxic and oxic cytotoxicity in an aerobic resistant derivative of the A459 lung cancer cell line. Br J Canc 82:651–656, 2000.

Schlichting I, Berendzen J, Chu K, et al: The catalytic pathway of cytochrome P450cam at atomic resolution. Science 287:1615–1622, 2000.

Seitz HK, Oneta CM: Gastrointestinal alcohol dehydrogenase. Nutrition Rev 56:52–60, 1998.

Senter PD, Marquardt H, Thomas BA, et al. The role of rat serum carboxylesterase in the activation of paclitaxel and camptothecin prodrugs. Cancer Res 56:1471–1474, 1996.

Shih JC, Chen K, Ridd MJ: Monoamide oxidase: From genes to behavior. Annu Rev Neurosci 22:197–217, 1999.

Shimada T, Yamazaki H, Mimura M, et al: Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: Studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:414–423, 1994.

Shimizu Y, Nakatsuru Y, Ichinose M, et al: Benzo[a]pyrene carcinogenicity is lost in mice lacking the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 97:779–782, 2000.

Shirley MA, Guan X, Kaiser DG, et al: Taurine conjugation of ibuprofen in humans and in rat liver in vitro: Relationship to metabolic chiral inversion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 269:1166–1175, 1994.

Sies H, Ketterer B (eds): Glutathione Conjugation Mechanisms and Biological Significance. London: Academic Press, 1988, pp 1–480.

Smith G, Stubbins MJ, Harries LW, Wolf CR: Molecular genetics of the human cytochrome P450 monooxygenase superfamily. Xenobiotica 28:1129–1165, 1998.

Sorenson RC, Primo-Parmo SL, Kuo C-L, et al: Reconsideration of the catalytic center and mechanism of mammalian paraoxonase/arylesterase.

Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:7187–7191, 1995.

Spahn-Langguth H, Benet LZ: Acyl glucuronides revisited: Is the glucuronidation process a toxification as well as a detoxification mechanism? Drug Metab Rev 24:5–48, 1992.

Strange RC, Jones PW, Fryer AA: Glutathione S-transferase: Genetics and role in toxicology. Toxicol Lett 112–113:357–363, 2000.

Strobl GR, von Kruedener S, Stockigt J, et al: Development of a pharmacophore for inhibition of human liver cytochrome P450 2D6: Molecular modeling and inhibition studies. J Med Chem 36:1136–1145, 1993.

Subramanyam B, Woolf T, Castagnoli N: Studies on the in vitro conversion of haloperidol to a potentially neurotoxic pyridinium metabolite. Chem Res Toxicol 4:123–128, 1991.

Sugihara K, Kitamura S, Tatsumi K: Involvement of mammalian liver cytosols and aldehyde oxidase in reductive metabolism of zonisamide. Drug Metab Dispos 24:199–202, 1996.

Sugiura M, Iwasaki K, Kato R: Reduction of tertiary amine N-oxides by microsomal cytochrome P450. Mol Pharmacol 12:322–334, 1976.

Sugiura M, Kato R: Reduction of tertiary amine N-oxides by rat liver mitochondria. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 200:25–32, 1977.

Sundseth SS, Waxman DJ: Sex-dependent expression and clofibrate inducibility of cytochrome P450 4A fatty acid -hydroxylases. J Biol Chem 267:3915–3921, 1992.

Tang B-K, Kalow W: Variable activation of lovastatin by hydrolytic enzymes in human plasma and liver. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 47:449–451, 1995.

Taningher M, Malacarne D, Izzotti A, et al: Drug metabolism polymorphisms as modulators of cancer susceptibility. Mutat Res 436:227–261, 1999.

Terao M, Kurosaki M, Demontis S, et al: Isolation and characterization of the human aldehyde oxidase gene: Conservation of intron/exon boundaries with xanthine oxidoreductase gene indicates a common origin. Biochem J 332:383–393, 1998.

Thummel KE, Wilkinson GR: In vitro and in vivo drug interactions involving human CYP3A. Annu Rev Pharmaocol Toxicol 38:389–430, 1998.

Tinguely JN, Wermuth B: Identification of the reactive cysteine residue (Cys227) in human carbonyl reductase. Eur J Biochem 260:9–14, 1999.

Tucker GT: Clinical implications of genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism. J Pharm Pharmacol 46(suppl 1):417–424, 1994.

Tukey RH, Stassburg CP: Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: Metabolism, expression, and disease. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 40:581–616, 2000.

Vatsis KP, Weber WW, Bell DA, et al: Nomenclature for N-acetyltrans- ferases. Pharmacogenetics 5:1–17, 1995. (Updated in Pharmacogenetics 10:291–292, 2000.)

Walton MI, Wolf CR, Workman P: The role of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome P450 reductase in the reductive bioactivation of the novel benzotriazine di-N-oxide hypoxic cytotoxin 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotri- azine-1,4-dioxide (SR 4233, WIN 59075) by mouse liver. Biochem Pharmacol 44:251–259, 1992.

Wang C, Bammler TK, Guo Y, et al: Mu-class GSTs are responsible for aflatoxin B1-8,9-epoxide-conjugating activity in the nonhuman primate Macaca fascicularis liver. Toxicol Sci 56:26–36, 2000.

Wardman P, Dennis PF, Everett SA, Patel KB, Stratford MR, Tracy M: Radicals from one-electron reduction of nitro compounds, aromatic N-oxides and quinones: The kinetic basis for hypoxic-selective, bioreductive drugs. Biochem Soc Symp 61:171–194, 1995.

Wardman P, Priyadarsini KI, Dennis MF, et al: Chemical properties which control selectivity and efficacy of aromatic N-oxide bioreductive drugs. Br J Canc (Suppl) 27:S70–S74, 1996.

Waterman MR, Johnson EF (eds): Cytochrome P450. Methods in Enzymology. Vol 206. New York: Academic Press, 1991.

Watkins PB: Noninvasive tests of CYP3A enzymes. Pharmacogenetics 4:171–184, 1994.

Waxman DJ: P450 gene induction by structurally diverse xenochemicals: Central role of nuclear receptors CAR, PXR, and PPAR. Arch Biochem Biophys 369(1):11–23, 1999.

Waxman DJ, Pampori NA, Ram PA, et al: Interpulse interval in circulating growth hormone patterns regulates sexually dimorphic expression of hepatic cytochrome P450. Biochemistry 88:6868–6872, 1991.

Weiner H, Flynn TG (eds): Enzymology and Molecular Biology of Carbonyl Metabolism 2: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, Alcohol Dehydrogenase, and Aldo-Keto Reductase. New York: Liss, 1989.

Weinshilboum R: Methyltransferase pharmacogenetics. Pharmacol Ther 43:77–90, 1989.

Weinshilboum R: Sulfotransferase pharmacogenetics, in Kalow W (ed):

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992a, pp 227–242.

Weinshilboum RM: Methylation pharmacogenetics: Thiopurine methyltransferase as a model system. Xenobiotica 22:1055–1071, 1992b.

Weinshilboum RM, Otterness DM, Atsoy IA, et al: Sulfotransferase molecular biology: cDNAs and genes. FASEB J 11:3–14, 1997.

Weinshilboum RM, Otterness DM, Szumlanski CL: Methylation pharmacogenetics: Catechol O-methyltransferase, thiopurine methyltransferase, and histamine N-methyltransferase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39:19–52, 1999.

Weyler W, Hsu YP, Breakefield XO: Biochemistry and genetics of monoamine oxidase, in Kalow W (ed): Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992, pp 333–366.

Whalen R, Boyer TD: Human glutathione S-transferases. Semin Liver Dis 18:345–358, 1998.

Whitcomb DC, Block GD: Association of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity with fasting and ethanol use. JAMA 272:1845–1850, 1994.

Whitfield JB, Pang D, Bucholz KK, et al: Monoamine oxidase: Associations with alcohol dependence, smoking and other measures of psychopathology. Psychol Med 20:443–454, 2000.

Whitlock JP: Mechanistic aspects of dioxin action. Chem Res Toxicol 6:754–763, 1993.

Wilkinson GR, Guengerich FP, Branch RA: Genetic polymorphism of S-mephenytoin hydroxylation. Pharmacol Ther 43:53–76, 1989.

Williams RT: Detoxification Mechanisms, 2d ed. New York: Wiley, 1971. Wong JMY, Kalow W, Kadar D, et al: Carbonyl (phenone) reductase in human liver: Inter-individual variability. Pharmacogenetics 3:110–115,

1993.

Wrighton SA, Stevens JC: The human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in drug metabolism. Crit Rev Toxicol 22:1–21, 1992.

Wrighton SA, Vandenbranden M, Stevens JC, et al: In vitro methods for assessing human hepatic drug metabolism: Their use in drug development. Drug Metab Rev 25:453–484, 1993.

Yan B, Yang D, Brady M, Parkinson A: Rat kidney carboxylesterase: Cloning, sequencing, cellular localization, and relationship to rat liver hydrolase. J Biol Chem 269:29688–29696, 1994.

Yao K-S, Hageboutros A, Ford P, O’Dwyer PJ: Involvement of activator protein-1 and nuclear factor- B transcription factors in the control of the DT-diaphorase expression induced by mitomycin C treatment. Mol Pharmacol 51:422–430, 1997.

Yoshida A, Rzhetsky A, Hsu LC, Chang C. Human aldehyde dehydrogenase gene family. Eur J Biochem 251:549–557, 1998.

Zand R, Sidney N, Slattery J, et al: Inhibition and induction of cytochrome P4502E1-catalyzed oxidation by isoniazid in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 54:142–149, 1993.

Zhang Y, Talalay P, Cho C-G, Posner GH: A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: Isolation and elucidation of structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:2399–2403, 1992.

Zhu BT, Liehr JG: Inhibition of the catechol-O-methyltransferase-catalyzed O-methylation of 2- and 4-hydroxyestradiol by catecholamines: Implications for the mechanism of estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 304:248–256, 1993.

Ziegler DM: Recent studies on the structure and function of multisubstrate flavin monooxygenases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 33:179–199, 1993.