12.Insert the verb in appropriate form:

1.Labour (to direct) to the production of goods and services.

2.It is also the reason why economic activity (to take ) place.

3.The people who (to take part) in production are also consumers.

4.The sum of those individual demands (to provide) the business person with the incentive to undertake the production.

5.It is necessary (to treat) labour somewhat differently from the other factors.

6.There are social and political problems which have (to take) into account.

7.The question of how many hours per day a machine should be (to operate) will be (to judge) solely in terms of efficiency.

8.Both of these two factors are subjected (to change).

9.Two countries might (to have) the same total population.

10.The age range 16 to 65 years (to cover) the working age groups.

11Today many companies (to turn) to part-time and temporary workers.

12.Human resource manager must (to figure) out how difficult it will be (to find) people with required skills.

13.The number of temporary workers doubled when economic growth (to be) relatively uncertain.

13.Answer the following questions:

1.What does the term “labour” involve?

2.What is labour supply?

3.What does the size of the total population set ?

4.Can you give the definition of the working population ?

5.Does a fall in the supply of labour imply an increase in the output of goods and services?

6.What are the factors in human resource planning?

7.What does forecasting begin with ?

14.Translate the following into English:

1.Коли доходи відносно високі, високі ставки заробітної платні можуть зменшити кількість робочої сили ,яка пропонується окремим працівником.

2.Робоче населення може визначатись, як кількість людей, які здатні працювати і пропонувати себе для зайнятості.

3.Існує зв’язок між кількістю пропонованої праці і ціною, яку платять за цю роботу.

4.Це питання повинно розглядатись виключно з точки зору ефективності ,виробництва та ціни.

Unit 4. The division of labour.

1.Read the following words:

complete, remarkable, relatively, specialization, peculiar, important, employee, advantage, performance, dexterity, description, quickly, separate, undoubtedly, opportunity, judgement, initiative, whilst, responsibility, frustrating, adaptable, obsolete, argument, interdependence, enormous, nevertheless, particularly, variety

2.Read and translate the following:

The most striking feature, hundreds of separate operations, extremely proficient, the reason for improved performance, some particular aptitude, a marked decline in the degree of craftsmanship, especially liable to unemployment, a low-cost method of production, extremely vulnerable, to follow up the description, to attempt to discover , to be best suited, to make it possible

3.Determine the part of speech :

remarkable, relatively, separate, peculiar, description, performance, dexterity, particular, extremely, boredom, undoubtedly, judgement, responsibility, craftsmanship, unemployment, interdependence, vulnerable, enormous, leisure, enrichment

4.Form nouns from the verbs :

To produce, to develop, to divide, to operate, to provide, to engage, to require, to specialize, to perform, to repeat, to waste, to move, to construct, to reduce, to prefer, to control, to change, to invent, to transform, to consider, to abolish, to organize, to rotate, to increase

The Division of Labour.

The most striking feature of production in a developed country is the fact that the worker almost never makes a complete product. Labour is divided in the sense that production process is split into a very large number of individual operations and each operation is the special task of one worker.

The principle of the division of labour is now carried to a remarkable lengths and the production of relatively simple things may be broken into hundred of separate operations.

Adam Smith, writing in the latter part of the eighteenth century, provided what has now become the most celebrated account of specialization.

Advantages of the division of labour.

Why should specialization lead to such great increases in productivity? Smith followed up his description by an analysis which attempted to discover the reasons for the improved performance.

1.A person who spends his or her time performing one relatively simple task becomes extremely proficient at that particular operation. Constant repetition leads to great dexterity or , as most people would say “practice makes perfect “.

2.No time is wasted in moving from one job to another. The necessity of moving from station to station, putting one set of tools and picking up another is eliminated.

3.Thereis a saving of time in the training of employees. A man or a woman can be trained very quickly for the performance of a single operation.

4.There is a saving of skills. Specialization means that many different occupations are created, each one of which calls for some particular aptitude. It is possible, therefore, for each worker to specialize in the job for which he or she is best suited.

5.One of the most important advantages of the division of labour is that it makes it possible a much greater use of machinery. When a complex process has been broken down into a series of separate, simple processes it is possible to devise machinery to carry out each individual operation.

Human resource management.

So the important component of every business are employees. Realization of this fact was behind the rise of personnel management,the specialized task of obtaining the people a company needs аnd then overseeing their training, evaluation and compensation. Today top managers began to realize that, with the right people in the right job, business can compensate for shortfalls in other areas. The termhuman resource managementwas adopted by many companies to reflect the attitude that workers are of strategic importance; human resource managers became integral members of management teams plotting a course through rough economic seas. Many companies focus on their training and supervision of their employees so that they have the resource they need for steady growth.

Human resource management is becoming more complex. Technology and business environment are changing at an accelerating pace, creating mismatches between workers’ skills and employees’ needs. Managers must figure out how to keep good workers when economic difficulties make pay freezes necessary; how to lay off workers equitability; how to retrain workers to enable them to cope with increasing automation and computerization; how to deal with increasingly complex ( and expensive) employee benefits, such as pensions and health insurance; how to encourage employees to work more productively.

What exactly do human resource departments do? Every human resource staff must perform this series of functions: planning, recruiting and selecting employees, training and developing workers and appraising employment performance. A human resource staff gets involved in accommodating changes in employment status and in administering pay and employee benefits.

If you were the owner of a small business, you might be able to hire employees on an informal basis. You would be in a good position to know the requirements of all the jobs in your company. In large organizations, however, where hundreds or thousands of employees are doing very different kind of jobs, management needs a more formal and objective method of evaluating job requirements. That method is job analysis.

Several questions must be asked in job analysis: What tasks are involved in job (what does a person do all day)? What qualifications and what skills are needed to do the job? ( an architect, for example , must have a license; a secretary must be able to type) What kind of setting does the job take place in? (some jobs, such as sales, require extensive public contacts; others, such as factory work, do not) Does the job entail much time pressure (such as newspaper reporting) or little time pressure?

Let’s look at a specific job – that of college professor. It requires a person with certain qualifications, usually an advanced degree and teaching experience. The work can be broken down into a number of specific tasks: giving lectures, grading exams, leading seminars, doing research, attending department meetings and so on. The job also requires both “people” skills and technical skills.

You might wonder why all this analysis is necessary. For a company to be successful it needs to attract high-quality professionals.