University of Cambridge

University of Cambridge is an institution of higher education, the second oldest university in Great Britain after the University of Ox­ford. It is located in the city of Cambridge.

The University of Cambridge is a system of faculties, depart­ments, and 31 independent colleges. Although the colleges and the uni­versity per se are separate corporations, all are parts of an integrated educational entity. The university examines candidates for degrees dur­ing their residency and at the conclusion of their studies; confers de­grees; regulates the curricula of the colleges and the system of educa­tion; deals with disciplinary problems; and administers facilities, such as libraries, lecture rooms, and laboratories, that are beyond the scope of the colleges. The colleges provide their students with lodgings and meals, assign tutors, and offer social, cultural, and athletic activities. Every student at the University of Cambridge is a member of a college.

The academic year is divided into three terms of approximately eight weeks each. Michaelmas (autumn), Lent (late winter), and Easter (spring). Students are required to be in residence for the duration of each term. Much of the year's work is done, however, out of term time, during the vacations. Students study under supervisors, usually members of the college's faculties who maintain close relationships with the small groups of students in their charge and assist them in preparing for univer­sity exams.

Bachelor of arts degrees may be conferred, upon the satisfactory completion of exams, alter nine terms or three years of residency. The majority of students are candidates for honors degrees and take a spe­cial examination called a tri pos (named after the three-legged stools on which examiners formerly sat). Successful candidates for tri poses are classified as first, second, or third class according to their standing. Other degrees conferred by the university include the master of arts and doc­tor of philosophy degrees, and higher doctorates in law, medicine, music, science, and theology.

QUESTIONS:

1. What is the second oldest university in Great Britain and where is it located?

2. What are the facilities of University of Cambridge?

3. What do colleges provide students with?

4. Who are the supervisors?

5. What degrees are granted at Cambridge?

University of Oxford

University of Oxford is the oldest institution of higher learning in the English-speaking world. The university is located in Oxford, England.

The town of Oxford was already an important center of learning by the end of the 12th century. Teachers from mainland Europe and other scholars settled there,. Sometime in the late 12th century the expulsion of foreigners from the University of Paris caused many English scholars to return from France and settle in Oxford. The students associated togeth­er, on the basis of geographical origins, into two «nations,» representing the North (including the Scots) and the South (including the Irish and the Welsh). In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influ­ence many students' affiliations when membership of an Oxford college or hall became customary. Members of many religious orders, including Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the mid-13th century, gained influence, and maintained houses for stu­dents. At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges to serve as self-contained scholarly communities.

The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onward. Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn, who contributed, to the revival of the Greek language, and John Colet, the noted biblical scholar. With the Reformation and the breaking of ties with Catholicism, the method of teaching at the university was transformed from the medieval Scholas­tic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered loss of land and revenues. In 1636 Chancel­lor William Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, codified (the university stat­utes; these to a large extent remained the university's governing regula­tions until the mid-19th century. Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the university press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main library of the university.

The university was a center of the Royalist Party during the English Civil War (1642-1649), while the town favored the opposing Parliamentarian cause. Soldier-statesman Oliver Cromwell, chancellor of the university from 1650 to 1657, was responsible for preventing both Oxford and Cambridge from being closed down by the Puritans, who viewed university education as dangerous to religious beliefs. From the mid-18th century onward, however, the University of Oxford took little part in political conflicts. Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with writ­ten entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the estab­lishment of four colleges for women. Women have been eligible to be full members of the university and have been entitled to take degrees since 1920. Although Oxford's emphasis traditionally had been on classi­cal knowledge, its curriculum expanded in the course of the 19th century and now attaches equal importance to scientific and medical studies.

The roster of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to Brit­ish politics, the sciences, and literature. Since its founding in 1823,the Oxford Union, a university club devoted to formal debating and other social activities, has numbered among its members many of Britain's most noted political leaders.

QUESTIONS:

1. Where is the oldest institution of higher learning in the English-speaking world located?

2. What century were colleges established to serve as self-contained scholarly communities?

3. Name some of university scholars and state their contribution into development of Oxford in the late 15^th century.

4. What changed in the method of teaching with the Reformation?

5. What did administrative reforms during the 19^th century include?

Unit 8. Grammar Section.

TASK :Choose the correct variant and fill in the gaps:

1. If you .... ice, it melts.

A will heat B heated C are heating D heat

2. He needs.... new computer. He should buy one soon.

A some B the C a D an

3. I .... in ghosts.

A am not believing B believe not C am not believe D don't believe

4. .... I have a glass of juice, please?

A Must B Will C Should D Can

5. The bus has probably left

A yet B already C still D just

6. There is .... at home. I've been ringing all day.

A no one B everyone C someone D anyone

7. I thought the film was very

A excitement B exciting C excited D excite

8. Dolphins are more intelligent.... chimpanzees.

A as B from C than D to

9. Will you .... the shopping or shall I?

A doing B going to do C to do D do

10. Mercedes.... a new car. It's called the Smart car.

A were building B have built C build D will build

11. I haven't seen John .... 1999.

A for B since C until D before

12. .... any students from Spain in my class.

A it isn't B there isn't C it hasn't D there aren't

13. I tried .... the jeans but they didn't fit me,

A on B in C into D for

14. I'm sure this is the wrong street. Let's go ….

A along B through C back D down 15. Everyone….to learn a musical instrument. A should B can C must D ought 16. Where can I get .... information about the city? A the B an C a D some 17. The hotel.... by a target fire.

A is destroyed B destroys C was destroyed D destroyed

18. The dog is hungry. He .... something to eat

A must B has to C can D needs

19. Is that.... car over there?

A they B their C them D those

20. -Pablo is Spanish, .... ?

A is he B isn't he C does he D doesn't he

21. 0uch! I.... my finger!

A an just cutting B just cut C will just cut D have just cut

22. What is.... ?

A your hotel name B your hotel's name C name your hotel

D the name of your hotel

23. The manager will see you .... Friday morning. A in B on C at D to

24. Next year, I.... eighteen.

A. will be B am being C be D can be

25. She .... a film when the phone rang.

A was watching B is watching C watches D watched

26. Have you ever seen a UFO?' 'No, I.... . A didn't B don't C hadn't D haven't

27. Natalie never thinks about.... people. A others B any C other D some

28. The Mona Lisa .... by Leonardo da Vinci. A painted B is painted C paints D was painted

29. I'm sorry. Peter isn't here. He .... out.

A goes B has gone C will go D is going

30. .... help you carry your suitcase?

A Shall he B Shall they C Shall I D Shall you

31. .... a lot of snow in Siberia.

A it's B there are C ss D there is

32. Stephanie doesn't have .... money. A any B some C no D many

33. I need .... milk.

A some B a C any D an

34. Look! The cat is in the tree. We should .... it.

A help B helping C to help D helped

35. Who .... your car?

A stole B stolen C did steal D steals

36. If you .... me with my homework, I'll buy you a burger.

A helped B will help C help D helping

37. Anna .... her dog for three walks-a day.

A is taking B takes C take D taking

38. Soon cars.... use petrol. They'll all be electric. A don't B can't C aren't D won't

39. Steve looked at me and ….

A laughs B laughed C is laughing D did laugh

40. .... is more frightening than a horror film. A nothing B nowhere C something D somewhere

41. What .... to do? A are you wanting B you want C do you want D you wanting

42. Are these .... books? A yours B you C yourself D your

43. .... talking, please!

A stopping B stop C to stop D stopped

44. What is the .... mammal in the world? A big B bigger C biggest D most big

45. Can you see .... people over there? They're dancing.

A them B these C those D they

46. I .... your jacket is in the hall.

A think B thought C am thinking D will think

47. .... a lot of people on this train.

A there is B it is C there are D they are

48. My brother can cook very… .

A best B well C good D better

49. Do you .... clean your bedroom at home?

A have to B ought to C must D need

50. Is this the girl.... bag you found?

A who B whose C that D which

51. When .... arrive? A did you B you C you did D are you

52. Sam usually cycles to college but today she … .

A walking B walks C is walking D walk

53. The sign says no parking. You .... park here.

A must B mustn't C don't need to D needn't

54. Write soon and give me all your..... A information B stories C news D new

55. What are you doing .... Monday evening?

A in B at C to D on

56. Could you pass me the salt? It's .... the table.

A in B on C from D above

57. Everybody says that Prague is very

A beauty B beautifully C beautiful D more beautiful

58. Excuse ...., can I order a cheeseburger, please?

A you B I C it D me

59.....these shoes of size 37? A you got B have you got C do you get D got you

60. My parents are coming to stay with me .... a month.

A since B until C for D during