Economy of the usa

The American economy is a free enterprise system that has emerged from the labors of millions of American workers, from the wants that millions of consumers have expressed in the marketplace, from the efforts of thousands of private business people and from the activities of government officials at all levels.

The nation’s income and productivity have risen enormously over the past 80 years. In this period, the money for personal consumption tripled in real purchasing power. The gross national product per capita quadrupled, reflecting growth in worker productivity.

Most Americans consider themselves members of the middle economic class, and relatively few are extremely wealthy or extremely poor.

The Government plays an important role in the economy. From the founding of the Republic, the United States federal government has strongly supported the development of transportation, subsidized the railroads and the airlines. It checks the quality of food and drugs, insures bank deposits and guarantees loans.

Despite the fact the US government supports many segments of the national economy, economists estimate that the public sector accounts for only one-fifth of American economic activity, with the remainder in private hands. In agriculture, for example, farmers benefit from public education, roads, rural electrification, but their land is private property to work pretty much as they desire.

The bulk of America’s wealth is produced by private industries and businesses – ranging from giants like General Motors to thousands of small independent entrepreneurs. America has traditionally supported free trade.

American industries have become increasingly more service-oriented. Of 12.6 million new jobs created since 1982, almost 85 percent have been in service industries. Careers in technical, business and health-related fields have particularly experienced employee growth in recent years. Approximately 27 million Americans are employed in selling. Another 19.2 million work in manufacturing and 17.5 million works for federal, state and local governments.

Recently, unemployment in the USA was calculated at about 7 percent. The government provides short-term unemployment compensation to replace wages lost between jobs. About 80 percent of all wage and salary earners are covered by unemployment insurance. In addition, both the government and private industry provide job training to help unemployed and disadvantaged Americans.

QUESTIONS:

1. What can you say about the type of economic system in the USA?

2. What is the role of the Government in the development of American economy?

3. What part of the market belongs to the public sector?

4. In which sectors of the economy are most people employed?

5. What is the unemployment rate in the USA?

Unit 6.

TASK 1: Read and translate the text:

The ukrainian educational system

WORD LIST:

system of education, educational system - система освіти

right to education- право на освіту

to ensure - забезпечувати

vocational- професійний

compulsory обов'язковий

secondary education-середня освіта

specialized secondary education- середня загальна освіта

higher education- вища освіта

extramural and evening courses-заочні та вeчірні курси

рге-school educational establishment-дошкільний навчальний заклад

nursery- дитячі ясла

Present day Ukraine has a rather developed system of education, which answers the standards of the developed countries. Citizens of Ukraine have the right to education, which is guaranteed by the Constitution and ensured by the broad development of extramural and evening courses. Pupils are taught in their native languages but the program is the same for all school-goers. Thus all school-leavers may enter any higher educational institution.

The educational system includes so-called pre-school educational establishments, which comprise nurseries and kindergartens.

Pre-school education is not compulsory and is fee-paying. Most parents take their children to nursery schools or kindergartens at the age of 3. Up to the age of 5 children mostly eat, sleep and play there, but in senior groups they are taught the basics of arithmetic, reading, writing, arts and in some schools foreign languages.

School starts at the age of six-seven for Ukrainian children. But most of them have learnt letters in kindergarten. The basic link in the chain of public education in Ukraine is the "general education school" which consists of the three stages: primary, secondary and senior. In Ukraine there is a nine-year compulsory education (primary and secondary school), but to enter a university one has to study two years more. Primary, secondary and senior schools comprise eleven years of study. Every school has a "core curriculum" of Ukrainian, mathematics, science, physical training. All Ukrainian schools until recently have been state-subsidized. Nowadays new types of schools have appeared in Ukraine: gymnasiums and lyceums. A variety of elective subjects are taught there. Secondary education is provided also in vocational training schools, technical schools and colleges.

Extra-curricular activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.

After receiving secondary education one can go on to Higher education. All applicants must take competitive examinations. Higher education is provided by institutions of higher learning, such as universities, academies, conservatoires, institutes. They all hold entrance examinations to select the best applicants to be their students. Among the best known higher educational establishments there are Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv Polytechnic University, International Independent University "Kyiv-Mohyla Academy", Kyiv State Conservatory, Lviv State University, Kharkiv National University, Kharkiv State Pedagogi­cal University, Kharkiv State Polytechnic University and many others.

Post graduate education begins after the last year of studies and usually results in theses on the chosen scientific topic and the degree of the Candidate of Science. Doctorate Degree is awarded for an outstanding scientific research.

TASK 2: Suggest Ukrainian equivalents:

сitizens of Ukraine, native language, higher educational institution, fee-paying, senior groups, to enter a university, elective subjects, public education,compulsory education, core curriculum, extra-curriculum activities

TASK 3: Say whether the following statements are true or false:

1. There are different programs for all school-goers in Ukraine.

2. Preschool educational establishments comprise kindergartens and colleges.

3. Pre-school education is not compulsory and isn’t fee-paying.

4. The basic link in the chain of public education in Ukraine is the "general education school" which consists of the three stages: primary, secondary and senior.

5. Core curriculum of the Ukrainian school includes such subjects as drawing, physics and physical training.

6. All applicants to higher educational establishments must take competitive examinations.

7. In Ukraine primary, secondary and senior schools comprise ten years of study.

8. Nowadays new types of schools have appeared in Ukraine: gymnasiums and lyceums.

9. Curricular activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.

10. Post graduate education begins after the last year of studies and usually results in theses on the chosen scientific topic and the degree of the Candidate of Science.

TASK 4: Choose the correct variant and fill in the gaps:

1. Ukrainian system of education answers the standards of the __________countries

a) developed b) underdeveloped c) non-developed d) overdeveloped

2.Every citizen of Ukraine has the right _________education

a) for b) on c) to d) of

3. Pupils are taught in their __________languages.

a) local b) foreign c) native d) mothertongue

4. Pre-school education isn’t ______________.

a) obligatory b) compulsory c) inefficient d) insufficient

5. There is a _____________ compulsory education in Ukraine.

a) nine-year b) eleven-year c) twelve-year d) eight-year

6. Every school has a “_______________curriculum”.

a) root b) core c) cell d) basic

7. __________ activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.

a) multi-curricular b) extra-curricular

c) over-curricular d) out-of-curricular

8. After receiving secondary education one can go on to________ education.

a) high b) higher c) highest d) height

9. Institutions of higher learning, such as universities, academies, conservatoires, institutes hold __________ examinations.

A) exit b) leaving c) final d) entrance

10. Post graduate education results in theses on the chosen scientific topic and the ________of the Candidate of Science.

a) degree b) stage c) level d) standard

TASK 5: Translate into English:

1. Україна має розвинену систему освіти.

2. Кожен громадянин України має право на освіту, яке гарантується конституцією.

3. Початкова, середня та старша школи займають 11 років навчання

4. Вища освіта забезпечується закладами вищої освіти таким як: університети, академії, консерваторії, інститути.

5. Ступінь доктора наук надається за видатне наукове дослідження.

TASK 6: Read and translate with the dictionary additional texts and answer the questions: