- •The participle і (дієприкметник, Kobrina) not corrected
- •Participle і as attribute (non-perfect, active/passive).
- •Participle і as adverbial modifier (all 4 forms of it).
- •3.1. Participle і as predicative (non-perf. P. І active) //The story is amusing.
- •3.2. Participle і as part of the compound verbal predicate (of double orientation):
- •3.3. Participle і as part of a predicative construction.
- •Конструкції з participial і. (approach 2)
- •4. Participle і as independent element (parenthesis). An unrelated p 1 (not related to the subject of the main clause):
- •Participle і and the gerund compared
The participle і (дієприкметник, Kobrina) not corrected
Definition: it is a non-finite form of the verb with some adjectival and adverbial features
Formation: __________________________________________________________ ; can form adverbs with the suffix –LY // admiringly
Combinability:
noun / pronoun/ (in)direct or prepositional object;
Adverb or a prep. Phrase as an adverbial modifier; when they lose their verbal character, participles can be modified by adverbs of degree used with adjectives (very, too, so) // greatly (exceedingly) amusing; like an adj. P.1 forms adverbs with the suffix –LY // feelingly, jokingly.
A noun or adjective as a predicative.
NB. (informal) The pronoun in the objective case and a noun in the common case denote the doer of the action expressed by the gerund with reference to living beings too. // They were all in favour of Tommy playing the main part.
Morphological characteristics. It has the categories of:
Voice (transitive verbs): active – passive.
|
|
Active Participle І |
Active Participle І (of transitive verbs) | ||
|
Formation |
Non-perfect |
Perfect |
Non-perfect |
Perfect (is rarely used) |
|
|
Running, taking |
Having run, having taken |
---, being taken |
---, having been taken |
|
Meaning |
It points out that the action is directed from the subject |
It indicates that the action is directed towards the subject | ||
Correlation: perfect (= adjectives if they lose their verbal character, can be modified by adverbs of degree //too amusing – non-perfect.
|
|
Non-perfect Active Participle І |
Perfect Active Participle І | ||
|
Formation |
Active |
Passive |
Active |
Passive |
|
|
Running, taking |
---, being taken |
Having run, having taken |
---, having been taken |
|
Meaning |
1. It denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb. // Reading a book he did not say a word does not… will not… 2. It may denote a posterior action, immediately following the first action=succeeding actions //John fell, hurting his knee. 3. It can denote immediate priority to denote an instantaneous action if it is formed from terminative verbs:
NB. Perfect participle is also possible to emphasize priority. |
1. It denotes an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb, when there is a lapse of time between the two actions. // Having learnt it by heart I can… could… will be able to…
| ||
Syntactical functions (4)