1. Zinc is responsible for building bones and teeth.

2. Vitamin suplements work best when ingested separately from anything.

3. The body absorbs iron through the help of vitamin E.

4. Natural vitamins are vitamins produced in laboratories.

5. Vitamin K is produced by pancreas.

6. Vitamin D helps the body absorb carbon dioxide.

7. Potassium is needed by enzymes for metabolizing.

8. We have to take antibiotics and barbiturates for optimal health.

Exercise 9. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Vitamin supplements are usually available as isolated vitamins or in combination with other nutrients.

2. The skin creates vitamin D when it is exposed to sunlight.

3. Vitamin K is produced by intestinal bacteria.

4. Along with vitamins human body needs a certain amount of minerals.

5. Iodine assists the thyroid gland in working properly.

6. The body absorbs iron through the help of vitamin C.

Exercise 10. Open the brackets and translate the sentences into your language:

1. Vitamins (to contribute) to good health by regulating the metabolism and assisting the bio­chemical processes of the body.

2. Water-soluble vitamins (to excrete) out of the body within one day.

3. Vitamin d (to help) the body absorb calcium.

4. Vitamin e (to know) as tocopherol.

5. Scientific research (to prove) that excesses of isolated vitamins or minerals can produce vitamin poisoniong.

6. Vitamin supplements (to divide) into two groups: synthetic and natural.

7. The term “vitamin” (to derive) from “vitamine” by Polish scientist Casimir Funk.

8. In 1812 Polish biochemist Casimir Funk (to isolate) a complex of micronutrients and named them “vitamines”.

Exercise 11. Translate the sentences into English:

1. Шкіра сама виробляє вітамін D д впливом сонця.

2. Вітамін К виробляєтся кишковими бактеріями.

3. Кальцій та фосфор будують кістки та зуби.

4. Наша дієта не завжди містить усі необхідні вітаміни та мінерали.

5. Йод допомогає щитоподібній залозі працювати належним чином.

6. Калій допомогає підтримувати баланс рідини у клітинах.

Exercise 12. Define the following:

healthy diet synthetic vitamins nutritional supplements

Exercise 13. Make sure you remember the active vocabulary:

Organic compound, sufficient quantity, single exception, essential nutrients, fatty acid, amino acid, water-soluble vitamins, fat-soluble vitamins, be stored in the fatty tissue, ingest frequently, excreted through the urine, diverse biochemical functions, maintain body tissues, immune system’s performance, outer cell membrane, deficiency disease, vitamin poisoning, broad range of functions, play a significant role, deliver oxygen, muscle contraction, transmit messages, strengthen each other, work properly, absorb phosphorus and calcium, outside sources, synthetic vitamins, nutritional supplements, intestinal bacteria, isolated vitamins, counterpart, take after meals, substitution for a healthy diet, otherwise, gel-capsule form, powder form, lozenge form.

Exercise 14. Read the drug leaflet below and answer the questions:

THERAGRAN-M TABLETS COMPOSITION Each THERAGRAN-M tablet supplies: Vitamin A 10 000 i.u.; Vitamin D 400 i.u.; Vitamin B110 mg; Vitamin B210 mg; Vitamin B65 mg; Vitamin B125 mcg; Niacinamide 100 mg; Calcium Pantothenate 20 mg; Vitamin C 200 mg; Vitamin E 15 i.u.; Iodine 0,15 mg; Iron 12 mg; Copper 2 mg; Manganese 1 mg; Magnesium 65 mg; Zinc 1,5 mg. PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION Category A 22.1 Multivitamins and multivitamins with minerals. INDICATIONS THERAGRAN-M is indicated in mixed vitamin deficiencies. THERAGRAN-M supplies high potency dosages of vitamins required in chronic vitamin deficiency states, and is of clinical importance when high potency nutritional support is indicated in special medical situations. THERAGRAN-M contains all the essential vitamins for an extended vitamin coverage of multiple deficiencies resulting from unbalanced diets, pregnancy, old age, infections. convalescence and adolescence. WARNINGS Not to be used by persons who are allergic to iodine. DOSAGE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USE Adult dosage is 1 tablet daily. Do not exceed the recommended dose unless prescribed by a doctor. KNOWN SYMPTOMS OF OVERDOSAGE AND PARTICULARS OF ITS TREATMENT Treatment of overdosage should be symptomatic and supportive. IDENTIFICATION A maroon coloured, capsule shaped, sugar coated tablet with an odour of vanillin. PRESENTATION Bottles of 30 tablets. STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS Store at room temperature not exceeding 25°C. Avoid excessive heat. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.

1. What kind of medical preparation is THERAGRAN-M?

2. What vitamins and minerals does it supply?

3. In which cases is THERAGRAN-M indicated?

4. Who shouldn’t use the THERAGRAN-M?

5. What is the recommended dose for adults?

6. What does THERAGRAN-M look like?

7. What are the recommendations as to storage of the preparation?

Unit 14. Phytopharmacy

Grammar: Continuous Tenses.

Exercise 1.Topic vocabulary with the pronunciation:

reason	причина, мета
constituent	складова частина
intermediate	середній
to embrace	обіймати, охоплювати
substance	речовина
cellular	клітинний
pure	чистий
to arise	виникати, з'являтися
condition	умова, стан
inherent	властивий, притаманний

Exercise 2. Read the words, match them to the prefixes from the list below, translate them:

1. back re-;

2. within endo-;

3. a lack of, into, in in-.

Reactive, endodermal, inborn, readjust, endovascular, realign, invagi­nation, reanimate, endovenous, rebuilt, recapitulate, inward, recover, invertible, recreate, invisible, reconsider, redaction, regroup.

Exercise 3. Guess the meaning of the following word combinations.

External factors, ecological and environmental conditions, active compounds, pharmacological properties, biological function, primary plant products, essential principles, pharmacological action, cellular structure, pure compounds, medicinal plants, antagonistic principles.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.

Phytopharmacy is the study of the plants that are used as drugs and the drugs that are isolated from plants. Medicinal plants are im­portant for many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, active constituents and intermediates for semi-synthetic drugs.

Plants are constantly metabolising, both breaking down preformed molecules and building new ones at the same time. Besides their own essential principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants pro­duce other principles, which apparently do not have any definite bio­logical function. These are the so-called secondary products. Their biological function is often discussed but the fact is that many of them have a special importance outside the plant because of their pharma­cological action. Plants that give drugs have both active and inactive substances. The inactive substances include cellular structures and pharmacological inactive compounds.

A plant seldom has only one active principle. Often it produces a series of structurally related compounds having similar pharmacologi­cal properties. In this case it is possible to use either the total princi­ples or the isolated and chemically pure compounds.. The inactive principles may alter the activity of the drug by physical means, for example, they may act as co-solvents of the active compounds or de­lay their absorption or diffusion in the organism.

Drugs in general arise from a heterogeneous population of indi­vidual plants living under a variety of conditions. Therefore, it is not surprising that their quality is affected by their variability, which is due to two main causes: intrinsic (endogenous) factors inherent to the genetic constitution and independent of external conditions; and ex­trinsic (exogenous) factors dependent on the ecological and environ­mental conditions in which the plant grows. Sometimes intrinsic fac­tors are latent in the plant and only appear as a response to the ap­propriate external factors.

Exercise 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What is phytopharmacy?

2. Why are medicinal plants important?

3. Are plants constantly metabolising?

4. Besides their own essential principles, what do plants produce?

5. What substances have plants that give drugs ?

6. What do the inactive substances include?

7. What may the inactive principles alter?

8. How do drugs arise from a heterogeneous population of individual plants?

9. What is the plant quality affected by?

10. When do intrinsic factors appear ?

Exercise 6. Find the following word combinations in the text:

Внутрішні фактори, зовнішні фактори, лікарські рослини, незалежний від зовнішніх факторів, різнорідна популяція, генетична будова, неактивні речовини, реакція на відповідні зовнішні фактори, приховані фактори, змінити дію медикамента, хімічно чисті сполуки, схожі фармакологічні властивості, структурно спорідненні сполуки, біологічна функція, у той самий час, так званні первинні рослинні продукти, природні ліки, напів-сінтетичні ліки, виникати з …, умови зовнішнього середовища.

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences using the words from the list :

principle, latent, similar, the active compounds, constantly, outside, biological