Exercise 9. Read the text, fill in the gaps with the words given in the table below. Express your opinion on the contents of the article. World Cancer Day 2013

February 4th is World Cancer Day, a time when organizations and individuals around the world send a message: ………….. should be a global health priority.

One of the most visible events marking the occasion in the United States will be in …………., where the Empire State Building was lit blue and orange on Monday, February 4, for the third year in a row. The colors are those of the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC), which organizes World Cancer Day.

Every year, 7.6 million lives are lost to cancer worldwide – more than AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria combined – according to the ……………. .

This year the UICC focused on dispelling damaging myths and misconceptions about cancer, under the tagline “Cancer - Did you know?” The organization used World Cancer Day to improve …………… about cancer and dismiss these 4 myths:

• Myth 1: Cancer is just a health issue. Truth: Cancer is not just a health issue. It has …………… social, economic, development, and human rights implications.

• Myth 2: Cancer is a disease of the wealthy, elderly and developed countries. Truth: Cancer is a …………… epidemic. It affects all ages and socio-economic groups, with developing countries bearing a disproportionate burden.

• Myth 3: Cancer is a death sentence. Truth: Many cancers that were once considered a …………….. can now be cured and for many more people, their cancer can be treated effectively.

• Myth 4: Cancer is my fate. Truth: With the right ……., a third of the most common cancers can be prevented.

UICC	New York	wide-reaching	global
strategies	knowledge	death sentence	ending cancer

Exercise 10. Read the description of the situations and answer the questions.

a) Your doctor examined you, did the tests, and recommended a treatment for a medical problem you have. You understand the doctor's instructions but you don't really understand what is wrong with you and what the treatment is all about. Would you ask for an explanation or would you simply trust the doctor's training and experience?

b) Your aunt has been sick for some time and has undergone a lot of tests to find out what is wrong with her. Her doctor sees the test results and feels that the patient has a disease that will probably be fatal. Your aunt is an emotional person and the doctor isn't sure whether to tell her the real diagnosis or simply to treat her symptoms and try to make her comfortable. What would you advise?

Exercise 11. In the sentences below, fill in the correct participles of the verbs in parentheses.

1. People who constantly complain are very __________ (annoy) to me.

2. Whenever Adrian gets __________ (bore), he goes fishing.

3. The students were __________ (confuse) by the Professor’s lecture.

4. Most of the news on television is __________ (depress).

5. The Ruttles were very ________ (excite) to learn that their concert was sold out.

6. Babysitting young children can be __________ (exhaust) for many people.

7. Steve was so __________ (fascinate) by the book that he finished it in one

evening.

8. Would you be __________ (frighten) if you saw a vampire?

9. After eating a __________ (satisfy) meal, the cat washed her face.

10. When Dagmar looked in the mirror, she was __________ (surprise) to see that she had a leaf in her hair.

Test

1. Where does cancer arise from?

a) from the healthy tissue;  b) from the surrounding structures;

c) from the connective tissue; d) from the epithelial cells

2. What plays a major part in the etiology of lung cancer?

a) drinking alcohol; b) exposure to dust;

c) cigarette smoking; d) inflammatory diseases

3. Among which group of people is lung cancer higher?

a) among Africans; b) among Americans;

c) among Asians; d) among Europeans.

4. Who was the term “cancer” first used by?

a) Gallen; b) Hippocrates;

c) R. Koch d) A. Fleming.

5. What is the most important thing in the prognosis of patients with carcinoma?

a) age of the patient; b) grade of malignancy;

c) geographical factors; d) family history.

HEADACHE

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words:

Migraine ['mi:grein], atherosclerosis [æθərəusliə'rəusis], crisis ['kraisis], yawning ['jɔ:niŋ], consciousness ['kɔn∫əsnis], myocardium [maiəu'ka:diəm], peculiarity [pikju:li'æriti], encounter [in'kauntə], psychiatric [saiki'ætrik], fatiguability [fəti:gə'biliti]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

To encounter зустрічати(ся) Value значення

On the background на фоні Formidable yawning - сильне зевание

Fatiguability стомлюваність In particular особливо, зокрема

To arise виникати To omit пропускати

Peculiarity особливість Appropriate відповідний

To be inclined to бути схильним до

Indisposition нездоров'я, легке нездужання

Exercise 3. Form the new nouns with the meaning “inflammation”.

Model: appendix – appendicitis

Retina, sinus, esophagus, parodont, meninges, pulp, bronchus, vagina, trachea, myocardium, nerve, gingiva, thyroid, mastoid, conjunctiva.

Exercise 4. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the words given in brackets.

1. Study of the structure and functions of the brain - … .

2. Any disease of the brain - … .

3. Virus being the etiological factor of poliomyelitis - … .

4. Incision of part of the brain - … .

5. Inflammation of the brain - … .

6. Inflammation of the grey substance of the brain - … .

7. Any swelling or tumour of the brain - … .

8. Examination of the brain - … .

9. Inflammation of the spinal cord - … .

10. Atrophy of the brain grey substance - … .

11. Headache - … .

12. Any disease affecting the grey substance of the spinal cord - … .

13. Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain - … .

14. Neoplasm of the spinal cord - … .

15. Resembling brain, brain –like - … .

(Encephalitis, encephaloscopy, encephaloma, encephalagia, cerebrology, cerebroid, cerebropathy, cerebrotomy, hydrocephalus, polioencephalitis, poliomyelopathy, poliovirus, poliodystrophy, myelitis, myelosis)

Exercise 5. Translate the word combinations:

A great value, the so-called vascular variant, brain vessels, infectious inflammatory processes, sensation of weakness, throbbing pain, pressing pain, squeezing pain, appropriate treatment, increased fatiguability, moderate headache, internal organs, insufficiency of brain circulation, prolonged attack, cervical radiculitis.

ФОРМИ ДІЄПРИКМЕТНИКА
VOICE	PARTICIPLE I	PARTICIPLE I PERFECT	PARTICIPLE II
ACTIVE	asking	having asked	asked
PASSIVE	being asked	having been asked

Exercise 6. Translate the sentences paying attention to the Participles:

1.The blood coming from the lungs is rich in oxygen.

2. The accompanying symptoms of the flu are high temperature, muscular pains and vomiting.

3. The count made a week ago was normal.

4. Scarlet fever is characterized by rash covering the whole trunk.

5. The excised mass measured 2 cm in diameter.

6. The patient operated on yesterday complained of a severe headache.

7. Being very ill, he couldn`t go to university.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Headache is one of the most frequent symptoms encountered in medical practice.

The great value in development of a headache is given to the vascular factor. The so-called vascular variant of a headache is observed in many vascular, cardiovascular diseases and pathological conditions, including migraine, hypertonic disease, arterial hypotension, atherosclerosis of brain vessels, disturbed brain circulation, acute and chronic cardiac insufficiency.

Other kind of a headache develops in pathological processes, primarily affection of sensitive receptors and nerves. It may include headache observed in pathological processes in the brain (a tumour, abscesses, hematomas and so on), in infectious inflammatory processes of the brain matter and brain membranes (encephalitis, meningitis, arachnoiditis), in cervical radiculitis, diseases of the nose, ears, eyes.

The third kind of a headache is caused basically by damage of muscles of the skull. Character of a headache can be various. A throbbing or pressing headache localized in the area of the back of the head and accompanied by dizziness, tinnitis, nausea (sometimes vomiting), "flash spots " before eyes on the background of high arterial pressure (it is most often observed in hypertonic crisis) are signs of a headache of this etiology. In a low level of arterial pressure, the headache in most cases is moderate, the most expressed in the mornings. It is often accompanied by sensation of weakness, indisposition, formidable yawning. Such patients are inclined to faints, they often complain of palpitation and increased fatiguability.

Headache is a frequent symptom of some acute and chronic diseases of internal organs, in particular diseases of the heart.

Some patients complain of squeezing headaches, dizziness in prolonged attack of stenocardia, in acute myocardial infarction. In some cases in the patients with acute myocardial infarction the headache is accompanied by losing of consciousness.

Complete medical, neurological and psychiatric examinations are sometimes necessary to get at the root of the trouble. The ophthalmoscopic examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.

In conclusion it is necessary to emphasize that the headache is a symptom of many diseases and pathological conditions. The analysis of its peculiarities together with other signs makes it possible to make the correct diagnosis and to administer appropriate treatment.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

1. What is headache?

2. What diseases is the vascular factor observed in ?

3. When does other kind of a headache develop?

4. What is the 3^rd kind of a headache caused by?

5. What kind of a headache do patients complain of in stenocardia and acute myocardial infarction?

6. What examinations are necessary to understand the root of the trouble?

7. What must never be omitted when the symptom of a headache is evaluated?

Exercise 9. Agree or contradict the following statements:

1. The vascular factor of headache is observed in migraine, arterial hypertension and other diseases associated with damaged vessels.

2. There are no headaches in pathological processes in the brain.

3. The ophthalmoscopic examination should be excluded in evaluation of headache.

4. A complete history is essential in frequent headaches.

5. Headaches in myocardium infarction arise due to insufficiency of brain circulation.

6. In low arterial pressure the headache is the most expressed in the evening.

7. Headache is a rare sign in some acute and chronic diseases of inner organs.

Exercise 10. Find English equivalents of the following word combinations:

Найчастіший симптом, чутливі рецептори, тривалий напад, відповідне лікування, оболонки мозку, запальний процес, серцево-судинні захворювання, шийний радикуліт, пульсуючий головний біль, гіпертонічний криз, недостатність мозкового кровообігу, помірний головний біль, стискаючий головний біль.

Exercise 11. Put the special questions to the underlined words and words combinations:

1. Headache may be observed in pathological processes in the brain.

2. Headache due to low arterial pressure is often accompanied by weakness, formidable yawning and fatiguability.

3. The ophthalmoscopic examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.

4. Some patients complain of squeezing headaches, dizziness.

5. Headache is accompanied by losing of consciousness.

6. Character of a headache can be various.

7. In the low level of arterial pressure the headache is moderate.

Exercise 12. Description of pain. It`s interesting to remember.

Patient`s description of pain: Explanation

Aching ( an ache) a general pain,often in muscles and joints

Boring a drill

Burning with heat

Colicky an intermittent pain which varies in intensity

Crampy (cramp) an involuntary spasmodic muscle contraction

Crushing a feeling of pressure

Dull a background pain, opposite of sharp

Gnawing biting

Gripping a feeling of tightness

Scalding like boiling water

Sharp acute

Stabbing like a knife

Stinging sharp, burning , like an insect sting

Throbbing with a pusle or beat

Exercise 13. Translate into English:

1. Другий вид головного болю розвивається при патологічних процесах, перш за все поразці чутливих рецепторів і нервів.

2. Третій вид головного болю викликаний пошкодженням м'язів черепа.

3. Головний біль третього типу характеризується пульсуючим або тиснучим болем в потилиці.

4. Хворий скаржиться на запаморочення, шум у вухах, нудоту і навіть блювоту.

5. Головний біль – частий симптом деяких гострих і хронічних захворювань внутрішніх органів.

6. Офтальмологічний огляд повинен бути зроблений при оцінці головного болю.

7. При низькому рівні артеріального тиску головний біль носить помірний характер.

Exercise 14. Explain the terms in English: headache, tinnitus, faint

Exercise 15. Translate into English paying attention to the Participles.

1. Будучи дуже зайнятий, він не відразу почув мене.

2. Дівчинка, що плаче, була голодна.

3. Вона любила дивитися на граючих дітей.

4. Читаючи англійську книгу, він виписав багато нових слів.

5. Вислуховуючи серце хворої дитини, лікар почув шуми.

6. Пошкоджена рука дуже хворіла.

7. Готуючись до операції, хірург завжди обробляє руки ретельно.

Exercise 16. Open the brackets and put the correct form of the verb.

1. My doctor thinks I (to be) allergic to pineapples.

2. We understood that she ( to see) nothing.

3. Bill said he (to feel) ill.

4. We thought she still (to be) in hospital.

5. I knew he (to pass) his examination at that time.

6. I am afraid I (not can) answer your question.

7. I asked her when she (to give) me that book to read.

TEST

1. Headache is one of the most... symptoms in medical practice.

a) rare b) short-term c) frequent d) long-term e) obscure

2. Headache is a frequent symptom of diseases of internal organs, in particular diseases of the...

a) liver b) heart c) stomach d) kidneys e) spleen

3. The ... examination must never be omitted when the symptom of headache is evaluated.

a) neurological b) psychiatric c) internal d) ophthalmoscopic

e) cystoscopic

4. Headaches in myocardium infarction arise due to insufficiency of...

a) respiration b) pulmonary circulation c) brain circulation

d) systemic circulation e) kidneys

5. In a low level of arterial pressure, the headache is the most expressed... .

a) in the evenings b) at night c) in the afternoon

d) at dusk e) in the mornings

6. A pressing or throbbing headache localized in the area of the ... of the head is due to damage of the skull muscles.

a) temples b) upper jaw c) back d) facial part e) low jaw

7. The patients with low arterial pressure are inclined to ... .

a) nausea b) faint c) vomiting d) dizziness e) loss of weight

8. In some cases of the patients with acute myocardial infarction the headache is accomponied by ... .

a) diarrhea b) constipation c) prolonged dizziness d) losing of consciousness

e) vomiting

9. The patients with low arterial pressure often complain ... palpitation and increased fatiguability.

a) at b) of c) on d) about e) for

10. A headache develops ... pathological processes primarily affection of sensitive receptors and nerves.

a) at b) by c) on d) with e) in

NEUROSES

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary

Distress - дистрес, страждання, нездужання Pyromania - піроманія

Over-excitation - надмірне збудження Over-inhibition - надмірне гальмування

in virtually [ˈvəːtjuəlɪ] – практично Arsonist - підпалювач (поджигатель)

Revenge [rɪˈvɛndʒ] - помста (месть) Intrusive  [ɪnˈtruːsɪv] - нав’язливий

Rid - позбутися Consuming fear - всепоглинаючий страх

Interfere - заважати, втручатися Handle - контролювати, тримати в руках

Incapacitate  [ɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪt] - вивести з ладу, зробити непрацездатним

Trigger [ˈtrɪgə^r] - приводити в дію, провокувати

Apprehension -побоювання, недобре передчуття

Hypochondria [haɪpəˈkɔndrɪə] - пригнічений стан

Obsessive-compulsive disorder – невроз нав’язливих станів

Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian

A relatively mild mental illness; an umbrella term used for mental illnesses; a radical loss of touch with reality; work capacity of the nerve cells; to disrupt the brain activity; to be out of proportion to the circumstances of a person’s life; to experience feelings of apprehension, worry, and fear; strong unreasonable fears of specific objects; to suffer from intrusive, repetitive, and disturbing thoughts; to be focused on an imagined illness; to lose all self-control as a result of the consuming fear

Exercise 3. Write the given words in Singular (remember the words of the Latin and Greek origin) and use them in sentences

Neuroses, activities, bacteria, crises, children, atria, alveoli, lives, analyses, ganglia, fungi, diagnoses, laboratories, cocci, curricula, bacilli, mice, phenomena, vertebrae, criteria, metastases

Exercise 4. Read the text. Group the symptoms of neuroses into two groups: subjective and objective ones.

Neuroses are relatively mild mental illnesses that are not caused by organic diseases, involving symptoms of stress but not a radical loss of touch with reality. Though the term neuroses is no longer used formally within the medical community, it is still a common umbrella term used for mental illnesses such as anxiety, pyromania, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysteria, and phobias.

The work capacity of the nerve cells in the cerebral cortex is limited, so over-excitation, over-inhibition, or simultaneous overstimulation of both processes or their mobility may disrupt brain activity resulting in a neurosis.

Neuroses are characterized by anxiety, depression, or other feelings of unhappiness or distress that are out of proportion to the circumstances of a person’s life. They may impair a person’s functioning in virtually any area of his life, relationships, or external affairs, but they are not severe enough to incapacitate the person. Neurotic patients generally do not suffer from the loss of the sense of reality seen in persons with psychoses.

One of the common neuroses is anxiety. A person suffering from anxiety may experience feelings of apprehension, worry, and fear. Physical symptoms are also common with this form of neurosis, including nausea, palpitations, chest pains, and shortness of breath. The person may also experience elevated blood pressure and heart rate, sweating, pale skin, dilated pupils, and trembling. While some anxiety is normal in certain situations, such as when sad, angry, or afraid of a specific situation, those with this form of neurosis may experience anxiety for no known reason or for reasons that should not normally trigger that type of response.

Phobias, a type of anxiety disorder, are characterized by strong unreasonable fears of specific objects, people, situations, or activities. Some common objects of phobias are open or closed spaces, fire, high places, dirt, and bacteria.

Pyromania is another of the common neuroses. A person suffering from pyromania is fixated on fire. A pyromaniac is not the same as an arsonist, as a person suffering from pyromania gains a sense of happiness from fires, whereas an arsonist may set fire for revenge or for personal gain. In general, there are no other symptoms associated with this type of neurosis.

Another of the common neuroses is obsessive-compulsive disorder. Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder generally suffer from intrusive, repetitive, and disturbing thoughts. In an attempt to rid themselves of these thoughts, they engage in certain rituals or tasks.  Compulsive behaviour includes rituals such as repetitive hand washing or door locking. This leads to a cycle of thoughts and behaviors over which the person feels he or she has little or no control.

Somatoform disorders, which include the so-called hysterical, or conversion, neuroses, manifest themselves in physical symptoms, such as blindness, paralysis, or deafness that are not caused by organic disease. Hysteria is one of the common neuroses. A person suffering from hysteria experiences substantial feelings of fear or other emotions that he or she cannot seem to handle. Often, the fear is focused on an imagined illness or other problem of a specific body part. The person may lose all self-control as a result of the consuming fear.

Psychoneurotic disorders are formed in children more easily than in adults.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions

1. What is neurosis?

2. When may the brain activity be disrupted?

3. What are the most common symptoms of neuroses?

4. What is the principal difference between the neurotic patients and those with psychoses?

5. What physical symptoms are common in anxiety?

6. What do phobias mean?

7. What phobias do you know?

8. How can we distinguish a pyromaniac from an arsonist?

9. What do individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder generally suffer from?

10. What group of neuroses does hysteria belong to?

Exercise 6. Translate into English

Повна втрата зв’язку з реальністю, надмірна стимуляція діяльності головного мозку, невроз нав’язливих станів, розширені зіниці, бліда шкіра і тремтіння, відкритий чи замкнений простір, часте миття рук, нав’язлива поведінка, позбутися тривожних думок, проявлятися у фізичних симптомах, сліпота і глухота, зосередитися на уявних хворобах, втратити самоконтроль, всепоглинаючий страх

Exercise 7. Find out the wrong use of words and change them by the proper ones

1. Sweating, enlarged blood pressure, and trembling may not be caused by organic diseases.

2. The changes in the bones resulted from calcium insufficiency.

3. The normal palpitation of the adult is 72-80 beats per min.

4. Psychoneurotic disorders are relatively easy mental illnesses that are not caused by organic diseases.

5. He had to visit his dentist to extract an ill tooth.

6. Blindness, paralysis, and deafness are the often symptoms in hysteria.

7. Elevated heart rate, sweating, pale skin, increased pupils may be the manifestations of neuroses.

8. The neurotic persons can’t hand their emotions and feelings.

Exercise 8. Find out the grammar mistakes and correct them

1. Children may to form serious neurotic disorders.

2. Neurosis are characterized by feelings of unhappiness or distress.

3. What kind of fears may experience persons with phobias?

4. A person’s functioning in virtually any area of his life may be impair by psychoneurotic disorders.

5. Does elevated blood pressure may be symptom of anxiety?

6. Persons with psychoses suffers from the loss of the sense of reality.

7. The patients, which suffer from conversion neuroses, may be focused on an imagined illness.

8. What do a pyromaniac gains a sense of happiness from?

Exercise 9. Put questions to the underlined words

1. A person suffering from pyromania is fixated on fire.

2. The term neurosis was coined by the Scottish doctor William Gullen.

3. A person with an inborn strong type of nervous activity may become unbalanced or in active due to faulty upbringing.

4. William Gullen coined the term neurosis in 1769.

5. Neuroses impair a person’s functioning not enough to incapacitate the person.

6. The patient has been suffering from elevated blood pressure and heart rate, sweating, and trembling for three month.

7. Revealing the causes of neuroses will facilitate their rapid cure.

8. Over-excitation and over-inhibition of the cortex cells may influence the brain activity unfortunately.

9. Neurosis in children is most frequently observed at the age of 2 to 4, 7 to 8, and the period of puberty development.

10. When the causes of somatoform disorders are determined the neurotic symptoms will be controlled.

Exercise 10. Open the brackets

1. The non-biological basis of neurosis (to maintain) with Sigmund Freud at the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement.

2. Carl Jung (to see) collective neuroses in politics: "Our world is, so to speak, dissociated like a neurotic".

3.  Neurotic tendencies (to manifest) themselves as depression, acute or chronic anxiety, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, specific phobias.

4.  The origin of the term hysteria commonly (to attribute (приписывать) to Hippocrates..

5. Hippocrates (to think) that the cause of hysteria was irregular movement of blood from the internal genitalia to the brain.

6. During the mid 19th century the term neurosis (to use) as a key to characterize disorders that (to be) neurological in origin. 

7. Neurotic people (to tend) to have more negative feelings such as depression, anxiety, insecurity.

8. The prescribed anti-depressants (to take) by the end of the next month.

Exercise 11. a) Read about fears and phobias in famous people and tell about other similar facts you’ve heard.

George Washington, the first president of the United States of America, had a very serious fear of premature burial. This was clearly expressed on his deathbed, in 1799, where he made his attendants promise that his body would be left out for two days, in case he was still alive.

Woody Allen has taken fear to an extreme. The 74-year-old actor and screenwriter is afraid of practically everything. Although he has normal phobias that cause him to fear heights, enclosed spaces and insects, he also has more abnormal fears. Among his weirder terrors are fears of bright colours, animals, elevators and peanut butter sticking to the roof of his mouth!

Alfred Hitchcock, a famous Hollywood director and producer, had an extreme fear of eggs. He said that they are revolting (вызывают отвращение) to him! He stated that he never tasted an egg in his whole life, and he refused to even be around them.

Madonna’s always been a fearless femme fatale in our eyes. But even kickboxing, leather corset-wearing megastars are afraid of thunderstorms: Madonna is apparently a sufferer of brontophobia, the fear of thunder.

b) Make up sentences using the words in the right order

1) Jennifer Aniston, all, a fear, Michael Jackson, and, Whoopi Goldberg, have, of flying.

2) The, excessive, 34^th, of, had, an, president, fear of hospitals, the United States, Richard Nixon.

3) the, Orlando Bloom, a, phobia, strange, actor, has, British, pigs, fear, of, the.

4) feared, Sigmund Freud, who, the, neurologist, founded, the, school, psychoanalyst, ferns (папоротники),of, psychiatry.

PART II

TREATMENT FOR NEUROSES

Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary

Multifaceted approach - комплексний підхід Beta-blockers - адреноблокатори

To establish trust - установити довіру Behavior patterns - моделі поведінки

Faulty thinking patterns - неправильні (помилкові) шаблони мислення

Anxiety-provoking - такі, що викликають тривогу, страх

Cognitive-behavioral therapy – когнітивно-поведінкова терапія

Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian

To be treatable to various degrees of success; to include a multifaceted approach; to identify, understand, and change faulty thinking and behaviour patterns; to learn how to control smb’s worry; to react to anxiety-provoking situations; to learn relaxation techniques; keep the symptoms of neuroses under control; to establish trust and help the neurotic persons

Exercise 3. Explain the difference in the meanings of the following words. Use them in the sentences.

1. Treat - treating – treated – untreated – treatable – untreatable

2. Change - changing – changed – unchanged – changeable – unchangeable

Exercise 4. Read the text

Disorders that are considered a neurosis or neurotic disorder are treatable to various degrees of success. In general, the sooner that the symptoms of neuroses are recognized and treated, the more effective treatment will be. The most effective treatment plans generally include a multifaceted approach and may include medications and psychotherapy.

Disorders that are considered a neurosis are treated with an individualized combination that may include medications, cognitive therapy and anxiety management. Psychotherapy, sometimes known as "talk therapy", may also be prescribed. In psychotherapy, a psychotherapist builds a relationship with a client, establishing trust and helping the client to address the neurosis through such techniques as communication and behaviour therapy.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT, is the standard psychotherapy for treating neurotic disorders. It helps sufferers to identify, understand, and change faulty thinking and behaviour patterns, thus allowing neurotic people to learn how to control their worry. The cognitive part of CBT helps by changing the thinking patterns that create and support fears; the behavioral part helps with changing the way sufferers react to anxiety-provoking situations.

A part of cognitive-behavioral therapy can include learning relaxation techniques. In addition to medication and psychotherapy, your doctor or therapist might suggest activities such as meditation, yoga or other types of physical exercise.

Medication can keep the symptoms of neuroses under control while the patient receives psychotherapy. Medications used for treating neurotic disorders include antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta-blockers.

Warnings

• Never try any medication without prescription from a doctor. Seek the advice of a neurological specialist before starting a new medication since most clinical doctors are not experts in the field of neurology.

• Only you can recognize if a medication is right for you after it has been prescribed. Many doctors are quick to prescribe anti-depressants to the neurotic patients. Keep in mind, however, that many of anti-depressant companies have a lot of money for promotion. As a result, never feel guilty for telling a doctor to take you off of a medication that you don't think is working (especially if it is for a child).

Exercise 5. Complete the questions and answer them

1. …. will the treatment for neuroses be effective?

2. What approaches may ….. include?

3. …. known as "talk therapy"?

4. How does psychotherapy influence….?

5. What parts does cognitive-behavioral therapy…?

6. What additive techniques …?

7. Why are the drugs administered….?

8. ….. antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs, and beta-blockers prescribed?

9. What warnings …?

Exercise 6. Read, open the brackets, and discuss the case history

Mr. T. K (Patient Reference Number-4285) (to bring) to the clinic with anxiety disorder. He (to suffer) from severe anxiety for last 4-6 months. He (to be) a software engineer with increased work related stress.

He (not can) express his anger. When he (to be) alone he (to get) thoughts of quitting from the job but (not to have) the courage to do so. He (to have) a nervous temperament with lack of confidence. Frequently he (to experience) sensation of itching on his palms and feet, along with repetitive movement of his legs. Due to all of these complaints his sex life (to affect), along with it his relations with other family members also (to affect). His appetite (to increase) when he (to depress). His sleep (to disturb). He often (to suffer) from neck and lower back pains. All of these (to identify) as stress related concerns. Dr. Shah (to study) his case in detail and (to prescribe) him research based medicine for anxiety neurosis.

In 8 weeks Mr. T.K. (to report) to the clinic, he (to feel) better. His body pains (to reduce) and his sleep (to improve). His medication (to continue) . In next 8 weeks he (to report) the anxiety to have reduced by 50 %. He said he (not to experience) such relief since quite long time. He (to feel) calmer and relaxed. The itching on his palms and soles (to reduce) considerably. 

Exercise 7. Translate into English using:

1. Complex Subject (Nominative Infinitive Construction)

1. Відомо, що люди із слабким типом нервової діяльності більш схильні до нервових розладів.

2. Вважають,що когнітивно-поведінкова терапія є одним із основних методів лікування неврозів.

3. Ліки при неврозах, без сумніву, призначаються лише спеціалістом у неврології.

4. Повідомили, що болі у спині та шиї у цього хворого мають невротичне походження.

5. Відомо, що люди, які страждають на істерію, відчувають постійний страх і втрачають самоконтроль.

1. Complex Object (Objective Infinitive Construction)

1. Пацієнт помітив, що свербіж з’являється в ситуації стресу, розумової чи фізичної напруги.

2. Лікар побачив, що зіниці хворого розширені.

3. Численні фобії змушують Вуді Аллена боятися висоти, замкненого простору та комах.

4. Лікар дозволив хворому припинити прийом антидепресантів .

5. Гіппократ вважав, що істерія спричинена порушенням кровообігу.

Exercise 8. Describe the terms: Neurosis, Phobia, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Cognitive-behavioral therapy

STROKE

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

Aphasia [æˈfeɪzɪə], cholesterol [kəˈlɛstərɔl] , modifiable [‘məʊdɪfaɪəbl], neurosurgery  [ˌnjʊərəʊˈs3ːdʒərɪ], consciousness [ˈkɒnʃəsnɪs],

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary

Stroke - інсульт Aphasia - афазія, порушення мовлення

Visual field - поле зору Altered - змінений

Atrial fibrillation - миготлива аритмія Modifiable - такий, що можна змінити

Leak - протікати, просочуватися To suffer a disease - перенести захворювання

Anti-platelet drugs - антитромбоцитарні препарати

Cerebrovasculer accident - порушення мозкового кровообігу

Transient ischemic attack - швидкоминуче порушення мозкового кровообігу, «міні-інсульт»

Hemiparesis - геміпарез (парез м’язів однієї половини тіла)

Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian

Rapid loss of brain function, disturbance in the blood supply to the brain, inability to move one or more limbs, altered taste, inability to understand or formulate speech, an inability to see one side of the visual field, the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke, interruption of the blood supply, to result from rupture of a blood vessel, the increased intracranial pressure, the leaking blood compressing the brain, an embolic stroke.

Exercise 4. Do you know that:

1. Statins are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels. 

2. Anti-platelet drugs are intended to prevent and/or reverse platelet aggregation in arterial thrombosis, most prominently in myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.

3. Clot busting medications break up blood clots. During a heart attack or stroke, clot busters, also called thrombolytics, dissolve the blood clot that is blocking the artery and help to restore blood flow. These medications are injected into the arm through an intravenous (IV) line.

4. Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure used to prevent stroke, by correcting stenosis (narrowing) in the common carotid artery. Endarterectomy is the removal of material on the inside (end-) of an artery.

Exercise 5. Read the text. Define the key concepts of the theme.

STROKE

A stroke, or cerebrovascular accident (CVA), is the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia (lack of blood flow) caused by blockage (thrombosis, arterial embolism), or a hemorrhage. As a result, the affected area of the brain cannot function, which might result in an inability to move one or more limbs on one side of the body (paralysis), inability to understand or formulate speech (aphasia), an inability to see one side of the visual field, or altered taste, smell, hearing.

A stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological  damage and death. Risk factors for stroke include old age, high blood pressure, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetes, high cholesterol, tobacco smoking and atrial fibrillation.  High blood pressure is the most important modifiable risk factor of stroke. It is the second leading cause of death worldwide.

An ischemic stroke is occasionally treated in a hospital with thrombolysis (also known as a "clot buster"), and some hemorrhagic strokes benefit from neurosurgery. Prevention of recurrence may involve the administration of anti-platelet drugs such as aspirin and dipyridamole, control and reduction of high blood pressure, and the use of statins. Selected patients may benefit from carotid endarterectomy and the use of anticoagulants.

Strokes can be classified into two major categories: ischemic and hemorrhagic. Ischemic strokes are those that are caused by interruption of the blood supply, while hemorrhagic strokes are the ones which result from rupture of a blood vessel or an abnormal vascular structure. About 87% of strokes are caused by ischemia, and the remainder by hemorrhage. Some hemorrhages develop inside areas of ischemia ("hemorrhagic transformation"). It is unknown how many hemorrhages actually start as ischemic stroke.

Stroke symptoms typically start suddenly, over seconds to minutes, and in most cases do not progress further. The symptoms depend on the area of the brain affected. The more extensive the area of brain affected, the more functions that are likely to be lost.

Loss of consciousness, headache, and vomiting usually occurs more often in hemorrhagic stroke than in thrombosis because of the increased intracranial pressure from the leaking blood compressing the brain.

If symptoms are maximal at onset, the cause is more likely to be a subarachnoid hemorrhage or an embolic stroke.

Exercise 6. Answer the questions

1. What is the cause of a stroke?

2. What does the abbreviation CVA mean?

3. What is ischemia?

4. What are the manifestations of CVA?

5. How can the the blood supply to the brain be damaged?

6. What are the risk factors for stroke?

7. What medication can be administered in stroke?

8. What kind of surgery may some CVA patients undergo?

9. What is “hemorrhagic transformation”?

10. How do stroke symptoms start?

11. How does the onset of hemorrhagic stroke differ from that of the ischemic one?

Exercise 7. Find out in the text the words with the similar meaning to the given ones:

arterial embolism, insult, lack, limbs, clot busters, bleeding, anti-thrombotics, stoppage (of blood supply), emesis, relapse, squeeze, beginning

Exercise 8. Put questions to the underlined words

1. Clot busting medications dissolve the blood clot that is blocking the artery.

2. Symptoms of a small stroke may be confused with those of other conditions that cause similar symptoms.

3. The anterior circulation of the brain that controls most motor activity, sensation, thought, speech, and emotion is supplied by the carotid arteries. 

4. The patient’s condition improved gradually within 2 weeks of treatment.

5. When blood flow stops, brain cells do not receive the oxygen and glucose they require to function.

6. Two weeks after antibiotic treatment was discontinued, the patient experienced a frontal headache.

7.  A 77-year-old woman was cooking in the kitchen when she collapsed onto the floor.

8. He had developed hypertension over the last 10 years.

9. Because there was occasional low-grade fever, intravenous penicillin was given for 2 weeks. 

10. On day 4 of hospitalization, she developed fever (38°C), chills, and dysuria.

Exercise 9. Open the brackets

1. She (to lose) consciousness and (to transfer) to our hospital on the same day. 

2. Quick action by a doctor sometimes (to reduce) the damage or (to prevent) more damages. 

3. In both patients, brain abscess (to develop) at the stroke lesion site after they (to have) an infectious complication. 

4. Most strokes (to happen) suddenly and (to damage) the brain within minutes.

5. If the stroke already (to happen) blood clotting drugs are not effective.

6. The ischemic infarction (to demonstrate) by computer assisted tomography and angiography. 

7. After the patient (to develop) the left hemiparesis, he (to admit) to our hospital.

8. Because of the progressive multifocal cerebral manifestations in the patient, we (to decide) to perform a brain biopsy of the right parietal lobe ten days after admission.

9. As soon as a doctor (to gather) all information he (to make) a diagnosis of a suspected ischemic stroke.

10.  Occlusion of small brain arteries very rarely (to cause) by the malignant intravascular lymphoma, which first (to describe) in 1959.

Exercise 10. Change the sentences with direct speech by those with reported speech

1. ‘You’ll have to consider changing your job,’ said the doctor.

2. ‘Do I need to be off of work?’ asked the patient.

3. ‘How long have these headaches been bothering you?’ he asked.

4. ‘Try to take the tablets after meals,’ said the doctor.

5. ‘The chances of recovery are very good and I’m confident you’ll feel a lot more comfortable after the operation,’ said the doctor.

6. ‘Your baby has a heart condition which developed when she was growing in the womb,’ said the doctor.

7. ‘Do you get any pain when you’re passing water?’ asked the doctor.

8. The doctor asked the girl, ‘Can you put your head back to help me?’

Exercise 11. Read the case and answer the questions below.

A 77-year-old woman was cooking in the kitchen when she collapsed onto the floor. Her daughter called an ambulance and the woman was taken to the emergency room. She had suffered a stroke, and slowly regained consciousness over the next two days. However, when she woke up, she had the following signs and symptoms:

• paralysis of the right face and arm - loss of sensation to touch on the skin of the right face and arm  - inability to answer questions but ability to understand what was said to her  - ability to write down her thoughts more easily than to speak them 

Solving the clinical problem

Based upon the patient's symptoms, which cerebral artery was blocked?

The loss of all sensation on the right face and arm, coupled with the paralysis of muscles in these regions suggests that this woman suffered damage to the lateral portions of her left frontal and parietal lobes. Specifically, damage to the face and arm regions of the left somatosensory and primary motor cortices would cause these deficits. Damage on the left side of her brain causes right-sided symptoms since the motor and sensory tracts cross the mid-line as they travel between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. The language disorder that this patient has is called Broca's (expressive) aphasia, and it may result from damage to the dominant Broca's motor speech area, a control center that sits just anterior to the face portion of the primary motor cortex in the left frontal lobe. The artery that supplies blood to these regions is the superior division of the left middle cerebral artery. Blockage of this artery by a thrombus or embolism could cause all of this patient's signs and symptoms.

1. Which lobe of the brain, the right or the left one, was damaged? What symptoms indicate that?

2. Damage to what portion of the left lobe caused the language disorder? How is the area responsible for the language function called?

3. What artery was blocked?

Exercise 12. Explain the terms

Stroke, Ischemia, Thrombosis, Paralysis, Aphasia

EPILEPSY

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation:

Epilepsy [ ̍epilepsi] Seizure [ ̍si: ȝə]

Partial [ ̍pɑ: ʃ(ə)l] Unconscious [ʌn ̍kᴐnʃəs]

Cease [si:s] Bisynchronous [bai ̍siƞkrənəs]

Posture [ ̍pᴐsʧə] Awareness [ə ̍weənes]

Hallucination [həlu:si ̍neiʃn] Idiopathic [idiə ̍pᴂθik]

Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:

Seizure- епілептичний припадок Tonic-clonic – тонічно-клонічний

Unconscious – непритомний Confusion – часткове потьмарення свідомості

Throughout – усюди, скрізь Scarring – той, що має рубець

Focal – фокусний, фокальний

Bisynchronous spike discharges – бісинхронічний імпульсні викиди

Exercise 3. Match the medical terms with their definitions:

Epilepsy - a perception in the absence of stimuli

Unconsciousness - a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ

Cyanosis - a transient symptom of abnormal excessive or neuronal activity in the brain

Seizure - complete or partial lack of responsiveness to people or other environmental stimuli

Spasm -a common and diverse set of chronic neurological seizures

Hallucination - the appearance of blue or purple coloration of the skin due to the lack of oxygen

Exercise 4. Translate the following word combinations:

Recurrent seizure, sudden onset, structural damage, partial and generalized seizures, to fall to the ground, result in cyanosis, urinary incontinence, to cease movements, state of confusion, brief spells of unconsciousness, bisynchronous spike and wave discharges, intermittent photic stimulation, clouded awareness, temporal lobe, focal lesions.

Exercise 5. Complete the words in the following sentences by adding a prefix. Choose from the following: un-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-.

1. An epileptic seizure is ___controlled, chaotic electrical activity in the brain. It alters consciousness and may bring on ___ involuntary movements. Epilepsy may be the result of chemical ___balance but more often the cause is ___known.

2. In a grand mal epileptic seizure, the victim falls to the ground___conscious and makes twitching movements which may last for several minutes. In a petit mal seizure, the victim may be__aware of things around him for up to thirty seconds but seldom loses consciousness.

3. In temporal lobe epilepsy, a seizure may result in the victim having ___rational feelings of anger or fear.

4. Following a stroke, many patients are left with some sort of ____ability.

5. Brain cells starved of blood are _____able to communicate with the parts of the body they are responsible for.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the text:

Epilepsy is a disorder of brain function characterized by recurrent seizures that give a sudden onset. Epilepsy may be the result of disturbed chemical balance but more often the cause is unknown.

The term idiopathic is used to describe epilepsy that is not associated with structural damage of the brain. Seizures may be generalized or partial. Generalized epilepsy may take the form of tonic-clonic or absence seizures. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious with the muscle in a state of spasm. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in cyanosis. The tonic phase is replaced by convulsive movements when the tongue may be bitten and urinary incontinence may occur.

Movements gradually cease and the patient may rouse on a state of confusion, complaining of headache, or may fall asleep. Absence seizures consist of brief spells of unconsciousness lasting for a few seconds. During which posture and balance are maintained. The electroencephalogram characteristically shows bisynchronous spike and wave discharges during the seizures and at other times. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing or intermittent photic stimulation.

In partial seizures, the nature of the seizure depends upon the location of the damage in the brain. Symptoms may include hallucinations of smell, taste, sight, and hearing, and paroxysmal disorders of memory. Throughout an attack the patient is in a state of clouded awareness and afterwards may have no recollection of the event. A number of these symptoms are due to scarring and atrophy affecting the temporal lobe.

The different forms of epilepsy can be controlled by the use of antiepileptic drugs (anticonvulsants). Surgical resection of focal lesions in the brain is appropriate in a strictly limited number of cases.

Exercise 7. Answer the following questions:

1. What is epilepsy characterized by?

2. What is the term idiopathic used for?

3. What types of seizures are there?

4. What may be observed in the tonic phase?

5. What does the ECG usually show?

6. How can seizures be provoked?

7. What are the symptoms in partial seizures?

8. How can epilepsy be controlled?

Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations: повторювані епилептичі припадки, мимовільні рухи, несвідомий стан, неусвідомленість того, що відбувається, cтруктурне пошкодження мозку, генералізована і часткова епілепсія, заснути, гарячковий спазм, зберігати рівновагу, світлова стимуляція, що переривається, помутніння свідомості, оcередкові пошкодження, вискова доля, протисудорожні препарати, пароксизмальні порушення пам’яті

Exercise 9. Translate into English:

1. Відомо, що тонічно-клонічні судоми наявні у 60% пацієнтів, які страждають від епілепсії.

2. Приступ абсанса, що звичайно виявляється в дитячому віці, зникає з настанням дорослого віку.

3. Протисудорожні препарати eфективно знижують, як частоту, так й тяжкість епілептичних судом у більшості хворих.

4. Вважають, що найбільш розповсюдженими причинами епілепсії є пуxлини мозку, судинна патологія мозку, енцефаліт і обмінні порушення.

5. Було встановлено, що епілепсія –спадкова хвороба.

6. Поставивши точний діагноз і визначивши тип епілепсії, лікар почав лікування протисудорожними препаратами.

Exercise 10. Put the questions to the underlined words:

1. Attacks are sometimes provoked by overbreathing.

2. The patient may rouse in a state of confusion.

3. In tonic-clonic seizures the patient falls to the ground unconscious.

4. Absence seizures often subside spontaneously in adult life.

5. A simple partial seizure consists of convulsive movements that might spread to the thumb.

6. After the seizure the patient may have no recollection of the event.

Exercise 11. Use the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense form.

1. The patient stated that the onset of epilepsy (to be preceded) by the brain damage during an accident.

2. This woman (to suffer from) encephalitis before epilepsy developed.

3. If epilepsy (to be treated) properly, it may (to subside) gradually.

4. The doctor (to prescribe) him some anticonvulsive drugs.

5. This patient (to experience) seizures since his childhood.

6. The EEG (to take) during the attack (to show) bisynchronous spike and wave discharges.

Exercise 12. Give the definitions to the following terms: epilepsy, seizure, hallucination.

Exercise 13.Speak about: types of epilepsy; an epileptic seizure.

TEST

1. Epilepsy is a disorder of ……….. function.

1. Memory b) movement c) brain d) cardiac

2. During a seizure the patient is in the state of………….

1. Shock b) collapse c) unconsciousness d) stupor

3. The electroencephalogram shows ……… during the seizures.

1. bisynchronous spike b) wave discharges c) no special changes

4. Attacks are sometimes provoked by ……………

1. frequent breathing b) sunlight c) overheat d) light stimulation

5. A number of symptoms in partial seizures are due to…………..

1. scarring b) atrophy of the temporal lobe c) mental overstrain

6. The lack of any respiratory movement may result in…………

1. loss of consciousness b) cyanosis c) urination d) death

7) The tongue may be …………………..

a) coated b) bitten c) put out d) protruded

8. Epilepsy may be controlled by…………………..

a) vasodilators b) anticonvulsants c) antihistamines

9. In partial seizures symptoms may include ……………..

a) various hallucinations b) paroxysmal disorders of memory c) nausea

10. Epilepsy ………..be treated.

a) is able to b) needn’t c) must d) is allowed to

PACKAGE INSERTS

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

Package insert (patient information leaflet; drug leaflet) – анотація до лікарського засобу medical condition – медична умова side effect (adverse reaction) – побічна дія manufacturing pharmaceutical company [ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃərɪŋ ˌfɑːməˈsjuːtɪkəl ] - фармацевтична компанія виробник generic name – непатентована назва лікарського засобу

brand name – зареєстрована патентована назва лікарського засобу indications [ˌɪndɪˈkeɪʃənz] – показання contraindications – протипоказання warning [ˈwɔːnɪŋ] - попередження precautions [prɪˈkɔːʃənz] – застереження drug abuse – зловживання ліками dependence – залежність

Exercise 2. Translate the following word combinations into Ukrainian:

Licensed medicines; follow a standard format; clinical pharmacology; absorb and eliminate; results of various clinical trials; medication's effect on various populations; physical impairments and drug interactions; causephysical dependence; results of anoverdose; storage information.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following text:

PACKAGE INSERTS

Package Inserts or Patient information leaflets (drug leaflet) are leaflets containing specific information about medical conditions, doses, side effects that packed with medicines to give the user information about the product. Patient information leaflets are written by the manufacturing pharmaceutical company. All licensed medicines need to carry such a leaflet.

Package inserts follow a standard format for every medication and include the same types of information. The first thing listed is usually the brand name and generic name of the product. The other sections are as follows:

• Clinical pharmacology- tells how the medicine works in the body, how it is absorbed and eliminated, and what its effects are likely to be at various concentrations. It may also contain results of variousclinical trials(studies) and/or explanations of the medication's effect on various populations (e.g. children, women, etc.).

• Indications and usage - uses (indications) for which the drug has been approved (e.g. migraines, seizures, high blood pressure).

• Contraindications- lists situations in which the medication shouldnot be used, for example in patients with other medical conditions such as kidney problems or allergies

• Warnings - covers possible serious side effectsthat may occur

• Precautions - explains how to use the medication safely including physical impairments and drug interactions

• Adverse reactions - lists all side effects observed in all studies of the drug (as opposed to just the dangerous side effects which are separately listed in "Warnings" section)

• Drug abuse and dependence - provides information regarding whether prolonged use of the medication can cause physical dependence(only included if applicable)

• Overdosage - gives the results of an overdoseand provides recommended action in such cases

• Dosage and administration - gives recommended dosage(s); may list more than one for different conditions or different patients (e.g., lower dosages for children)

• Physical properties - explains in detail the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information (e.g., "Do not store above 95°")

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a package insert?

2. Who are patient information leaflets written by?

3. What are the main sections of an information leaflet?

4. What does the section Clinical Pharmacology contain?

5. What does the section Indications and Usage contain?

6. What does the section Contraindications list?

7. What does the section Warnings cover?

8. What does the section Precautions explain?

9. What does the section Overdosage give?

10. Which section explains in detail the physical characteristics of the medication including color, shape, markings, etc., and storage information?

Exercise 5. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Анотації до лікарських засобів; медичні умови; побічні дії; фармацевтична компанія виробник; непатентована назва лікарського засобу; зареєстрована патентована назва лікарського засобу; поглинати та видаляти; результати різних клінічних дослідів; схвалені ліки; взаємодія ліків; визивати фізичну залежність; інформація щодо зберігання.

Exercise 6. Here are some sentences taken from different package inserts, read them translate and decide which sections (indications, contraindications, physical properties, side effects, etc.) they refer to:

1. Zaditen is an antiasthmatic drug with marked antianaphylactic properties and a spe­cific antihistaminic effect.

2. Following oral administration, Fosiopril is absorbed slowly.

3. Daflon treats venous insufficiently and oedema of venous origin by reinforcing the walls of veins.

4. Atrovent is indicated as a bronchodilator for maintenance treatment of bronchospasm.

5. Eye drops may be used for the prevention of ocular infection after removal of a corneal or conjuctival foreign body.

6. Phenergan is indicated in many allergic disorders and anaphylactic reactions including hay fever, urticaria and sensitization reactions of various drugs.

7. Dosage should be adjusted according to blood pressure response.

8. If immediate action is required, the cap­sule could be chewed and held in mouth.

9. Take half of the tablet twice daily or 1 capsule in the evening only for children under 3.

10. The use of Unasyn is contraindicated in individuals with a history of hypersensitivity to any of the penicillins.

Exercise 7. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Tablets Noroxin should be stored in a tightly closed container.

2. The expiration date is nfentioned on the package.

3. Renal function should be closely moni­tored, as it may be further impaired by the use of antihypertensive drugs.

4. Prolonged use of antibiotics may give rise to overgrowth of nonsusceptible microorganisms and fungi.

5. Pantrisin ophthalmic solution and ointment are incompatible with other preparations.

6. Kesalamine produces an acute intolerance syndrome characterized by acute abdominal pain and bloody diarrhea.

7. Tachycardia and blood pressure generally subside after a few days.

8. Zocar may cause fatal harm when admin­istered to a pregnant woman.

Exercise 8. Open the brackets using the verbs in the appropriate form, translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

1. Isocard (to contraindicate) in patients sen­sitive to the drug.

2. Hypersensitivity to atropine or its deriva­tives (to report).

3. Mesalanine is 5-amino-2-hydroxybensoic acid, and it (to classify) as an anti-inflammatory drug.

4. Benazepril hydrochloride (to be) soluble in water, in methanol.

5. Zocor is a cholesterol lowering agent that (to derive) synthetically from a fermentation product of Aspergillus terreus.

6. Cetax (to indicate) for the treatment of pa­tient with genitourinary infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms.

7. Suppositories (to indicate) for the treat­ment of active ulcerative proctitis.

8. Weight gain occasionally (to report­).

Exercise 9. Read the following package insert and answer the questions:

ВАСТОХ Amoxicillin

powder for oral suspension

PRESENTATION : .

• BACTOX 250 mg : powder for oral suspension :

THERAPEUTICAL INDICATIONS : This medicine is an antibiotic of the penicillin type A family. This medicine is recommended for bacterial infections due to sensitive germs, especially for respiratory, urinary infections and all infections of the nose, throat and ears.

CONTRA-INDICATIONS : This medicine MUST NOT BE USED in the following cases :

1. known allergy to penicillin. In case of doubt it is essential to ask for your doctor's or chemist's advice.

WARNING: Because of possible allergy always inform your doctor about your present or past diseases.

2. WARNINGS FOR USE: It is necessary to inform your doctor of all renal diseases due to the necessity of adapting the treatment.

OTHER POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE MEDICINE: Like any other active product this medicine may present following secondary effects to some people. The most usual are : digestive out­breaks : nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea • allergic outbreaks : urticaria. In case of diarrhoea during the treatment with Bactox, immediately inform your doctor. Never start an anti diarrhoea treatment without medical prescription.

METHOD OF USE:

1. Fill the bottle with plain water up to the circular mark.

2. Shake it several times until obtaining a homogeneous liquid. If necessary add some water up to the mark.

3. Fill the standard spoonful to get a full measure.

4. Shake the bottle well before each use.

Bactox can indifferently be taken on an empty stomach, before, during or after the meals.

POSOLOGY AND ADMINISTRATION WAY: The usual posology is 25 to 50 mg per kilo and per day.

To be efficient this antibiotic must be used regularly according to the prescribed posology and as long as recommended by your doctor. Fever or any other symptom when disappeared doesn't mean that you have completely recovered. The possible sensation of fatigue is not linked with the antibiotic treatment, but with the infection itself.

duration of stability: DO NOT exceed THE LIMIT date of use indicated on the packing. particular warnings for conservation: this medicine must be kept at room temperature. The prepared suspension cannot be kept more than 7 days.

1. What type of drugs is Batox?

2. In what form is Batox manufactured?

3. How is Batox administered?

4. In what cases is Batox indicated?

5. What are the contraindications of Batox?

6. Should Batox be taken after or before meals?

7. What are the doses of Batox?

8. What symptoms may appear during Batox intake?

9. How long should the prepared suspension be kept?

Exercise 10. Make a summary of the package insert below, comment on the properties, composition, mechanism of action, indication, dosage and use, contraindications, side effects, storage and term of validity of the drug.

MAGASIL (MIXTURE)

COMPOSITION:

Each 10 mLof mixture contains:

Magnesium carbonate,		500 mg
	Magnesium trisilicate	500 mg
	Sodium bicarbonate	500 mg

PHARMACOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION:

Antacids (acid neutralizers)

PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:

Acid neutralising, diminish activity of pepsin in gastric secretion.

INDICATIONS:

For the relief of acid ingestion, heartburn, hyperacidity, dyspepsia, gastritis and reflux oesophagitis

CONTRA-INDICATIONS:

Sensitivity to any of the active ingredients

WARNINGS:

Do not use this product if you are on a sodium-restricted diet, or suffer from hypertension, of heart failure, except under the advice and supervision of a doctor.

DOSAGE AND DIRECTIONS FOR USE:

Adults: two to four medicine measurefuls every four hours.

Do not use the maximum dosage of this product for more than 2 (two) weeks, except under the advice and supervision of a medical practitioner, or use as directed by a doctor.

SIDE EFFECTS AND SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS:

May cause diarrhea. Release of carbon dioxide may cause discomfort. MAGASIL may interfere with the absorption of other medicines if taken concomitantly.

Sodium bicarbonate can cause stomach cramps and flatulence. Excessive administration of sodium bicarbonate may lead to metabolic alkalosis, especially in patients with impaired renal function. Symptoms may include shortness of breath, muscle weakness and mental disturbances such as restlessness, convulsions and coma. Sodium bicarbonate should be administered extremely cautiously to patients with congestive heart failure, renal impairment, and cirrhosis of the liver or hypertension and to patients receiving corticosteroids. IDENTIFICATION:

A white homogenous mixture with a slight peppermint flavour PRESENTATION:

Brown plastic containers of 100 mL, 200 mL, 500 mL, and 2.5 litres

STORAGE INSTRUCTIONS:

Store in a cool, dark place below 25ºC.

KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

ANTIBIOTICS

Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation and give the translation of the words:

Microbe ['maikrəub], bacterium (pl. -a) [ bæk'tiəriəm/-ə], fungus (pl. -i) ['fʌɳgəs/- ʤai], pathogenic [ˏpæθə'ʤenik], fatal ['feitl], meningitis[ˏmenin'ʤaitis], scarlet fever ['ska:lit 'fi:və], de­cline [di'klain], livestock ['laivstᴐk], grain [grein], feed [fi:d], damage ['dæmiʤ], various ['vɛəriəs], add [æd]

Exercise 2. Active vocabulary:

soil – земля; ґрунт; harmful – шкідливий, згубний;

to damage – пошкоджувати; to cure – лікування; виліковувати, зціляти(ся);

drastically – надмірно; growth – ріст, зростання; розвиток.

fungus – бот. гриб; пліснява, цвіль; деревна губка;

to fight – боротися; (з кимсь - against, with; за щось - for);

to de­cline – відкидати;відхиляти(пропозицію.);відмовляти(ся);

livestock – худоба; живий інвентар; поголів'я худоби;

feed – давати їжу; годувати (чимось - on); їжа, харч;

Exercise 3. Read the following words paying attention of the letter combinations in the bold type:

-age- [iʤ]: damage, cabbage, marriage, passage, cartilage, storage;

-ous- [əu]: various, dangerous, fibrous, nervous, simultaneous, gangrenous.

-um- [əm]: bacterium, sputum, fungus, septum, tetanus, serum.

-au [ᴐ:]: August, trauma, automobile, audience, autopsy, auscultation.

-o [ʌ]: come, become, accompany, some, love, honey.

-a [ə]: pneumonia, insomnia, edema, anuria, malaria, cholera.

-i (pl.) [ai]: cocci, calculi, fungi, bacilli, glomeruli, streptococci.

Exercise 4. Form adverbs from the given adjectives and translate them:

Model: slow (повільний) + ly = slowly (повільно)

Complete, quick, rapid, obvious, hard, easy, quiet, bright, correct, dangerous, cautious, late, absolute, serious, chief, intramuscular, intravenous, oral, subcutaneous.

Exercise 5. Find words or word combinations in the text denoting the following:

a) any of various chemical substances, such as penicillin or streptomycin, produced by various microorganisms, esp. fungi, or made synthetically and capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms, esp. bacteria;

b) any microscopic organism too small to be visible to the naked eye, esp. a disease-causing bacterium;

c) a very large group of microorganisms comprising one of the three domains of living organisms. They are prokaryotic, unicellular, and either free-living in soil or water or parasites of plants or animals;

d) any member of a kingdom of organisms that lack chlorophyll, leaves, true stems, and roots, reproduced by spores, and live as saprotrophs or parasites. The group includes moulds, mildews, rusts, yeasts, and mushrooms;

e) a malignant tumour which is caused by the uncontrolled division of cells that then invade and destroy the surrounding tissues;

f) a highly infectious disease caused by Streptococcus bacteria; one of the prominent symptoms is a strawberry-coloured tongue;

g) an inflammation of the mental membranes due to infection by viruses, bacteria, or fingi.

Exercise 6. Read and translate the following word combinations:

Certain microbes; antibiotic sub­stances; live in the air, soil, and water; to fight various diseases; harmful to the cells; bacterial diseases; streptococcal bacteria; to attack human cells; the process of dividing; to treat infectious diseases; livestock feed; to stimu­late the animals’ growth; pathogenic microbes.

Exercise 7. Read and translate the text:

Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain microbes. Antibiotic sub­stances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that live in the air, soil, and water. Most antibiotics are used by physicians to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes. A few are used to treat certain types of cancer.

Antibiotics are selectively toxic – that is, they damage certain types of cells, but do not damage others. Many antibiotics are harmful to the cells of pathogenic (disease-causing) microbes, but they do not normally damage human cells. Physicians use these types of antibio­tics to treat a variety of bacterial diseases, including gonorrhea, syphi­lis, and tuberculosis, and infections caused by staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteria. A small number of antibiotics, however, were developed to attack human cells. Some of these are used to treat can­cer. They are selectively toxic mostly because they only damage cells that are in the process of dividing.

Antibiotics are sometimes called "wonder drugs" because they can cure many diseases that once were often fatal. The number of deaths that are caused by meningitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever has de­clined drastically since people began using antibiotics.

Antibiotics are also used to treat infectious diseases in animals and to control bacteria and fungi that damage fruits and grains. Farmers sometimes add small amounts of antibiotics to livestock feed to stimu­late the animals’ growth.

Exercise 8. Answer the questions:

1. How are antibiotics obtained?

2. What diseases may antibiotics be used in?

3. What cells are many antibiotics normally harmful to?

4. What is selective toxicity?

5. Why do we call some antibiotics as "wonder drugs"?

6. Where may antibiotics be also used to treat infectious diseases?

7. Why do farmers sometimes add small amounts of antibiotics to livestock feed?

Exercise 9. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Бактерії та гриби; шкідливі мікроби; мікроби, які викликають хворобу; бактеріальні хвороби; стафілококові та стрептококові бактерії; уражати клітини людини; «дивовижні ліки»; пошкоджувати фрукти та овочі; корм для худоби; стимулювати ріст тварин; поділ клітин; лімфатична система; дуже поширені хвороби; хвороби, які передаються через контакт; вірусна інфекція; венерична хвороба.

Exercise 10. Compete the following sentences using the words and phrases from the text:

1. Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain… .

2. Antibiotic sub­stances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that live in the … .

3. Most antibiotics are used by …. to fight various diseases caused by harmful microbes.

4. A few are used to treat certain … .

5. Antibiotics are selectively toxic – that is, they damage certain types of …, but do not damage others.

6. Many antibiotics are harmful to the cells of … (disease-causing) microbes, but they do not normally damage human cells.

7. Antibiotics are sometimes called "wonder drugs" because they can … many diseases that once were often fatal.

Exercise 11. Fill in the prepositions where necessary:

1. The first antibiotic was discovered … Alexander Fleming in 1928 in a significant breakthrough (прорив) … medical science.

2. Some antibiotics are “bactericidal”, meaning that they work … killing bacteria. Other antibiotics are “bacteriostatic”, meaning that they work … stopping bacteria multiplying.

3. Some antibiotics can be used to treat a wide range … infections and are known … “broad-spectrum” antibiotics.

4. The most common side effects … antibiotics are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting.

5. Some people are allergic… antibiotics, particularly penicillin.

6. Allergic reactions cause swelling … the face, itching and a skin rash and, … severe cases, breathing difficulties.

7. The type … antibiotics you take depends … the type of infection you have and what kind of antibiotics are known to be effective.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. The discovery of antibiotics greatly improved the quality of human life in the twentieth century.

2. Antibiotic drugs are made from living organisms such as fungi, molds.

3. Antibiotics can also be produced synthetically (artificially).

4. Prontosil was discovered in 1935 by German chemist Gerhard Domagk.

5. Bacterial resistance occurs when some bacteria survive attack by the antibacterial drug.

6. In 1928, British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming discovered the bacteria-killing property of penicillin.

7. The antibiotic works by blocking the formation of the bacterial cell wall, thus killing the bacteria.

Exercise 14. Open the brackets using the necessary form of the infinitive:

1. This is the patient (to give) a painkiller.

2. She wanted (to send) to the conference in medicine.

3. My friend appears (to recover) rapidly.

4. (To operate) this patient we will have to give him a general anesthesia first.

5. The nurse brought the blood (to transfer) to the patient (to operate).

6. The sutures (to remove) on the 4^th day.

7. The patient (to take) to an operating room immediately to prevent the rupture of the appendix.

Exercise 15. Read the additional text. Before reading it answer the following questions:

1) What are the main ways of taking antibiotics?

2) Is it important to complete the whole course of the medication?

3) What will happen if a patient doesn’t complete the course of antibiotics?

4) How should some antibiotics be taken?

5) What is it necessary to do if you want the medication to be effective?

6) When do most antibiotics start having an effect on an infection?

7) What must be avoided when taking certain types of antibiotics?

How to Use Antibiotics

Antibiotics are usually taken by mouth (orally); however, they can also be administered by injection, or applied directly to the affected part of the body.

Most antibiotics start having an effect on an infection within a few hours. It is important to remember to complete the whole course of the medication to prevent the infection from coming back. If you do not complete the course, there is a higher chance the bacteria may become resistant to future treatments – because the ones that survive when you did not complete the course have had some exposure to the antibiotic and may consequently have built up a resistance to it. Even if you are feeling better, you still need to complete the course.

Some antibiotics should not be consumed with certain foods and drinks. Others should not be taken with food in your stomach – these would normally be taken about an hour before meals, or two hours after. It is crucial that you follow the instructions correctly if you want the medication to be effective. If you are taking metronidazole do not consume alcohol. Dairy products should not be consumed if you are taking tetracyclines, as they might affect the absorption of the medication.

Exercise 16. Be ready to discuss:

the way of how antibiotics are obtained;

the types of antibiotics and their effects;

side-effects of antibiotics.

Exercise 17. Explain in English:

Antibiotics, bacterium, fungus, microbe, penicillin

GRAMMAR IN USE: Infinitive, its forms and syntactic functions

Infinitive	Forms
	Active	Passive
Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous	To ask To be asking To have asked To have been asking	To be asked ----------------- To have been asked --------------

Syntactic functions

1. To study well is our duty. (підмет) 2. The doctor’s duty is to treat the patients. (присудок) 3. I want to become a doctor. (додаток) 4. Pirogov was the first to have used plaster-of-Paris. (означення) 5. This lecture is one of the most important to attend. (означення) 6. I entered the Medical University to study and become a doctor. (обставина мети) 7. The patient was too weak to get out of the bed. (обставина мети)

1. Добре навчатися – наш обов’язок. 2. Обов’язок лікаря – лікувати пацієнтів. 3. Я хочу стати лікарем. 4. Пирогов був першим, хто використав гіпс. 5. Ця лекція одна з найважливіших, яку слід відвідати. 6. Я вступив до медичного університету, щоб навчатися і стати лікарем. 7. Пацієнт був дуже слабким, щоб вставати з ліжка.

Exercise 18. Define the forms and syntactic functions of Infinitive and translate into Ukrainian:

1. The doctor wanted to examine the patient in the morning.

2. To know Anatomy well is necessary for every surgeon.

3. Our students came to the Institute to listen to the lecture on bones.

4. My friend was the first to have taken the examination in Biology.

5. The surgeon will begin to be operating on this patient at 10 o’clock.

6. He wants to determine the direction of muscular fibers.

7. He seems to have finished his work.

TEST

1. Antibiotic is a drug produced by certain ...

a) plants; b) insects; c) animals; d) microbes (bacteria and fingi).

2. Antibiotic sub­stances are obtained from bacteria and fungi that …

a) are grown synthetically at laboratories; b) live in the air, soil, and water;

c) live in swamps; d) are obtained from plants and animals.

3. Antibiotics are selectively toxic, i.e.

a) they are harmful to the cells of pathogenic microbes, but do not damage others;

b) they damage human cells; c) they damage cells that are in the process of dividing;

d) they are not harmful to any types of cells.

4. Antibiotics are sometimes called "wonder drugs" because …

a) they make a patient feel euphoria; b) they can treat only cancer and tuberculosis;

c) they can be used as a prophylaxis of infectious diseases;

d) they can cure many diseases that once were often fatal.

5. Antibiotics are used in …

a) heavy industries; b) agriculture; c) chemistry; d) biology.

6. Most antibiotics are used to fight … various diseases caused by harmful microbes.

a) on; b) in; c) against; d) for.

7. The number of deaths that are caused by meningitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever has declined drastically … people began using antibiotics.

a) since; b) when; c) after; d) before

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DRUGS

Exercise 1. Learn the following words:

euphoria lethargy coffee meperidine caffeine amphetamine barbiturates heroine codeine unconsciousness Phenobarbital anxiety diazepam chlordiazepoxide diethyl phenothiazine tricyclic talkativeness ether analgesics anesthetics anesthesia appreciation cocaine thiopental halothane chloral hydrates hypnosis hypnotics nitrous oxide restlessness excessive dose anticonvulsant sedation addictive (habit-forming) 36. cerebral cortex

[ju: ΄fo:riә] [΄leθәdʒi] [΄kofi] [΄mi:pәridi:n] [΄kæfi:n] [әm΄fetәmi:n] [ba:΄bit∫urits] [΄herәuin] [΄kәudi:n] [ʌn΄kon∫әsnәs] [΄fi:nәu΄ba:bitәl [æŋ΄zaiәti] [dai΄eizәpәm] [΄klo:rdai΄eizәpәksaid] [dai΄eӨil] [΄fi:nou΄Өaiәzi:n] [trai΄saiklik] [΄to:kәtivnәs] [΄i:Өә] [ænәl΄dʒi:siks] [΄ænis΄Өetiks] [΄ænis΄Өi: ʒiә] [ә΄pri: ∫i΄ei∫n] [kou΄kein] [΄Өai ә΄pentәl] [΄hælouӨein] [΄klo:rәl ΄haidreits] [hip΄nousis] [hip΄noutics] [΄naitrәs ΄oksaid] [΄restlәsnәs] [ik΄sesiv ΄douz] [΄æntikәn΄vʌlsәnt] [si΄dei∫n] [ә΄diktiv] [΄seribrәl ΄ko:tәks]

ейфорія летаргія кава меперидін кофеїн амфетамін барбітурати героїн кодеїн без свідомість фенобарбітал тривога діазепам хлордіазепоксід діетіл фенотіазін трьохциклічний балакучість ефір болезаспокійливе знеболююче анестезія відчуття кокаїн тіопентал галоман хлоралгідрат гіпноз снодійне закис азоту занепокоєння надмірна доза проти судомне седативний ефект що викликає звикання кора головного мозку

Exercise 2. Read and then translate the following word combinations into the Ukrainian language:

Gastrointestinal disorders, central nervous system, spinal cord, to speed up the vital processes, in case of shock and collapse, to oppose the depressant effect, temporary feeling of euphoria, to relive lethargy, side effects, to suppress the central nervous system, to be addictive (habit-forming), to be used for control, severe disturbances of behaviour of psychoses, electrical discharges, to result in abnormal muscular movements, loss of consciousness, sensory and cognitive parts of brain, to control movement and motor activity, to affect in several ways, to account for talkativeness, consumption of alcohol, to be used as a dilator of vessels, to produce loss of sensation.

Exercise 3. Skim through the table and revise the forms of modal verbs:

Present	Past	Future
CAN мочь, уметь To be able to быть в состоянии	COULD Was/were able to	Will be able to
MAY вероятность Разрешение To be allowed to	MIGHT Was/were allowed to	Will be allowed to
MUST должен To have to приходится To be to по договоренности	Had to	Will have to
SHOULD следует должен
NEED надо нуждаться (прав. гл.)
OUGHT TO следует

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of modal verbs:

1. The environment must be provided with the proper amount of oxygen for the growth of aerobic microorganisms.

2. I’m sure the doctor ought not to have told him that the disease is incurable. He should have encouraged him.

3. The doctor had to examine the patient’s pulse and to take his temperature to exclude the possible diagnosis of influenza.

4. A neuropsychologist is to treat people with brain damage (cerebral lesions, hemorrhages, tumors)

5. During the experiment the scientist was to investigate the process of inhibition in the cortex of the experimental animal.

6. Convulsions in this patient must have resulted from mental overstrain.

7. Everyone should remember that most viruses are destroyed at the temperature 50⁰-60⁰ within 30-60 minutes.

8. Any woman who is pregnant should get enough folic acid.

9. Oil-soluble vitamins can be stored for long periods of time in the body’s fatty tissue and the liver.

10. High doses of certain vitamins can cause vitamin poisoning.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:

The drugs which affect the central nervous system are of two main types: those which stimulate the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, stimulants, and those which depress the nerves in the brain and spinal cord, depressants.

The central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up vital processes in cases of shock and collapse, and also to oppose the depressant effect of other drugs. Stimulants produce a temporary feeling of euphoria (well-being) and help to relieve lethargy. Examples of drug stimulants are caffeine and amphetamine (Benzedine). Amphetamines are much more powerful than caffeine and can produce restlessness, insomnia and nervousness as well as hypertension (high blood pressure) and gastrointestinal disorders when given in high doses. Used in excessive doses, these drugs can produce convulsions.

There are several types of central nervous system depressants. These include analgesics, hypnotics, sedatives and barbiturates, tranquilizers, anticonvulsants, alcohol and anesthetics.

Analgesics are agents which act to relieve pain. Examples of narcotic analgesics are opium, morphine, heroine, codeine, and meperidine. Narcotics are drugs which in moderate doses can suppress the central nervous system and relieve pain but in excessive doses produce unconsciousness, stupor, coma and possibly death. Most of narcotic analgesics are additive and habit-forming.

Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient without necessarily producing sleep. Some drugs act as sedatives in small doses and as hypnotics in large doses. Chloral hydrate (хлоралгидрат) is an example of another type of sedative. Depending on the dose and how it is administered, the response to a barbiturate may range from mild sedation to hypnosis and finally to general anesthesia.

Tranquilizers are drugs which alter behaviour, allowing for control of nervous symptoms such as anxiety, depression, fear or anger.

Anticonvulsant agents are used to treat epilepsy, a central nervous system disorder caused by abnormal electrical discharges within the brain which result in abnormal muscular movements, loss of consciousness and other symptoms.

Alcohol is another central nervous system depressant. It affects the cerebral cortex of the brain in several ways. One way is to block the processes which control or inhibit behaviour. This effect accounts for the talkativeness and lack of inhibition which accompany consumption of even small amounts of alcohol in some people. Alcohol is also used as a dilator of blood vessels in vascular disease and as a hypnotic.

Anesthetics are drugs which produce loss of sensation and particularly loss of appreciation of pain. General anesthetics produce loss of sensation throughout the entire body by depressing the central nervous system, producing sleep, unconsciousness and muscle relaxation.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the two main types of drugs which affect the central nervous system?

2. What are the central nervous system stimulants used to?

3. What do stimulants produce and help?

4. What are the side effects of amphetamines?

5. What are the main types of central nervous system depressants?

6. What can narcotics produce?

7. What are the hypnotic drugs?

8. What are the anticonvulsant agents used to?

9. How does alcohol affect the cerebral cortex?

10. What are anesthetics used for?

Exercise 7. Match the words with their definitions::

dose addiction tranquilizer euphoria pain drug symptom

is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. is medically recognized as a mental and emotional condition in which a person experiences intense feelings of well-being, elation, happiness, ecstasy, excitement and joy. is a substance that induces sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, indicating the presence of disease or abnormality. is defined as physical and/or psychological dependence on psychoactive substances (for example alcohol, tobacco, heroin, caffeine and other drugs) which cross the blood-brain barrier once ingested the quantity of something that may be eaten or administered to an organism is an unpleasant feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut

Exercise 8. Give the English equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

Спинний мозок, центральна нервова система, тимчасове відчуття ейфорії, тахікардія, безсоння, страх, серцево-судинні захворювання, навіть мала кількість, затьмарення свідомості, кров’яні судини, втрата свідомості, відчуття болю, вживання алкоголю, електричні розряди, стимулятори, прискорювати життєві процеси, надмірна доза, болезаспокійливі, кров’яний тиск, шлунково-кишкові розлади, кора головного мозку, що викликає звикання, злість, змінювати поведінку, депресанти, побічні дії, снодійне, відповідати за мову, м’язова релаксація, протисудомне.

Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences according to the text:

1. There are two main types of the drugs which affect the central nervous system: those which…

2. Central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up…

3. Examples of drug stimulants are…

4. Amphetamines are much more powerful than caffeine and can produce…

5. The examples of central nervous system depressants are…

6. Narcotics are drugs which in moderate doses can produce…

7. Tranquilizers are drugs which alter…

8. Anticonvulsant agents are used to treat…

9. Alcohol as another central nervous system depressant effects the…

10. Anesthetics are drugs which produce loss…

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences using must (not), could (not), have (not), should.

1. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I … work.

2. I … eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet.

3. The girl fell into the river but fortunately we … rescue her.

4. She … to wear glasses as she is short-sighted.

5. Don’t make so much noise. We … to wake the baby.

6. I looked everywhere for the book but I … find it.

7. Whatever you do, you … touch matches. It’s dangerous.

8. Sometimes doctors do not like their job as they … to work at weekends.

9. You … work hard to pass an exam in Chemistry and Biology.

10. Last night the child had a sudden attack of severe cough so we … to call in a doctor.

Exercise 11. Join two parts of the sentences:

The boy lay sleeping While using a needle Being very ill Being busy The specialists operating on the patients Examining the patient Translating the article Realizing that he was wrong Nobody standing there Understanding that it will not help

he decided to postpone the meeting. he felt embarrassed. he realized that he had to give up. the doctor asked him many questions. she couldn’t understand some words. could do anything to save the man’s life. when the nurse came in. he told me to be careful not to prick a finger he didn’t attend lectures last week are called surgeons.

Exercise 12. Insert the missing prepositions:

1. Examples … drug stimulants are caffeine and amphetamine.

2. Central nervous system stimulants are used to speed up vital processes … cases of shock and collapse.

3. Used … excessive doses, theses drugs can produce convulsions.

4. Analgesics are agents … act to relieve pain.

5. Narcotics are drugs which … moderate doses, can suppress the central nervous system.

6. Sedatives are used to quiet and relax the patient … necessarily producing sleep.

7. Tranquilizers are drugs which alter behaviour, allowing … control of nervous symptoms such as anxiety, fear or anger.

8. Alcohol affects the cerebral cortex of the brain … several ways.

Exercise 13. Open the brackets using the verbs in a correct form:

1. Acute gastritis (to occur) due to a great variety of causes.

2. By the end of the day both the X-ray examination and ECG (to show) the changes in the size of the heart and its functions.

3. Much progress (to achieve) in treating bronchial asthma for the last few years.

4. If a common bile obstruction (to develop), jaundice (to occur).

5. The patient (not to develop) severe anemia, if he (not to suffer) from profuse abdominal bleeding because of a bad injury.

6. The surgeon said that the patient (to operate) on next week.

7. I (to talk) with your doctor for half an hour before you came in.

8. The problem of cerebral vascular diseases (to become) increasingly serious nowadays because of severe nervous tension.

Exercise 14. Make up questions to the underlined words:

1. This hypothesis has attracted many followers.

2. They were known to be the patients with duodenal ulcer.

3. We have learnt the functions of skeletal muscles this month.

4. We were observing how these salts were dissolving in water.

5. After the sutures are removed, the surgeon has to examine the wound.

6. The bite of a dog leads to rabies.

7. AIDS is known to be an incurable disease affecting the internal vital organs of the body.

8. Despite technical advances the number of patients with hepatic metastasis remains high.

9. Recurrence of the disease means of a disease means return of symptoms after a temporary absence.

10. Due to suddenly occurred diarrhea the patient was directed to the hospital for examination and treatment.

Exercise 15. Describe the following words in 5 sentences:

Stimulants, depressants

DENTAL CARIES

Exercise 1. Learn the active vocabulary:

To compromise [‘komprəmaiz] порушувати

Hygiene [‘haidʒi:n] гігієна

Technique [tək’ni:k] техніка

Susceptibility [səspti’biliti] сприйнятність

To be predisposed [pridis’pouzd] бути схильним

Consumption [kən’sʌmp∫n] споживання

Impaction [im’pæk∫n] застряття

Intervention [,intə’ven∫n] процедура, втручання

To remove [ri’mu:v] видаляти

Enamel [i’næməl] емаль

Exercise 2. Translate the word combinations:

Tooth structure, proper oral hygiene, fluoridated water, a person’s susceptibility, sticky sugary foods, local demineralization, loss of the entire tooth, annoying impaction of small food pieces, extent of dental caries, fluoride treatments, root canal treatment.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the text.

DENTAL CARIES

Dental caries is a disease that can lead to cavities (small holes) in the tooth structure that compromises both the structure and the health of the tooth.

Statistics on Dental Caries

Dental caries is the second most common disease in our community after the common cold. However, it can be prevented with proper oral hygiene. The rate of dental caries has declined due to fluoridated water and improved oral hygiene techniques.

Risk Factors for Dental Caries

There are several risk factors associated with dental caries. The 3 main factors that lead to dental caries are sugars, oral bacteria and the time these are combined in the presence of the tooth. These factors increase a person’s susceptibility to developing caries and play varying roles in the development of caries, depending on its nature.

For example, sticky sugary foods are much more likely to cause dental caries than non sticky sugary foods. It is important to recognize that people with teeth defects are predisposed to dental caries.

Progression of Dental Caries

Dental caries is caused by bacteria producing acids from the consumption of sugars. The acid can cause local demineralization of the tooth surface. If damage to the tooth is not significant, the protective qualities of saliva may stop further demineralization of the tooth and remineralization will occur. Also, proper oral hygiene e.g. brushing teeth 3 times a day reduces the development and progression of caries.

If caries is allowed to continue to progress, much more of the tooth structure will be lost and there is an increased risk of loss of the entire tooth and infection such as a tooth abscess.

Symptoms of Dental Caries

The patient usually complains of a painful tooth that is made worse when eating hot, cold or sugary drinks. There may be discoloration or holes present on affected tooth, which may cause annoying impaction of small food pieces. If the tooth has become infected, the patient's face may appear swollen on the affected side.

Clinical Examination of Dental Caries

The early sign of dental caries is a chalky white appearance of the enamel surface. If the caries progresses the damaged enamel surface becomes dark brown or black. A late sign of dental caries is holes or cavities in the affected tooth. The affected tooth is probed to check the depth of the hole. If the tooth is painful when probed, the tooth is still alive. If not, the tooth is not vital any more.

How is Dental Caries Diagnosed?

An x-ray confirms diagnosis of dental caries.

Prognosis of Dental Caries

The prognosis of dental caries depends on the health of the patient, oral health practices and the extent of dental caries. Early signs of dental caries may be reversed with minor dental intervention and improved oral hygiene. If dental caries has lead to holes in the tooth, the lost tooth structure must be filled and rebuilt with dental materials. If there is significant damage to the tooth and signs of infection, the tooth should be removed and the infection treated.

How is Dental Caries Treated?

The main goal is to keep as much tooth structure as well as preventing further complications. Caries that are superficial may require only fluoride treatments to help with remineralization.

If caries have lead to cavities, the caries must be removed and the repaired with dental materials such as composite and amalgam. If a significant amount of tooth structure is lost, the tooth may have a crown placed over it. If much of the tooth structure is lost and the tooth is vulnerable to infection, the tooth may need root canal treatment.

The final stage will be to remove the tooth if it is untreatable. The patient may then choose to have an implant (a false tooth put into the jaw) or partial denture, depending on oral health and financial status.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions to the text:

1. What is dental caries?

2. What has the rate of dental caries declined due to?

3. What 3 main factors lead to caries?

4. How does caries progress?

5. What does the patient with caries usually complain of?

6. How does enamel of the tooth change in caries?

7. What does the prognosis of dental caries depend on?

8. How can we treat dental caries?

9. When may the tooth require a crown?

Exercise 5. Make the corresponding equivalents:

sugary fluoridated teeth local enamel early dental root canal a false partial

demineralization treatment foods intervention tooth water defects denture sign surface

Exercise 6. Translate the following word-combinations into your native language:

To compromise the structure and the health of the tooth, the most common disease, a common cold, to improve oral hygiene techniques, to increase a person’s susceptibility to developing caries, sticky sugary foods, to be predisposed to dental caries, consumption of sugars, significant damage to the tooth, protective qualities of saliva, loss of the entire tooth, discoloration, annoying impaction of small food pieces, chalky white appearance on the enamel surface, to check the depth of the hole, vital tooth, to confirm the diagnosis, improved oral hygiene, to fill, to rebuild, and to remove the tooth, to prevent further complications, superficial caries, to be vulnerable to infection, a false tooth or partial denture in the jaw.

Exercise 7. Find the missing letters from the active vocabulary of the topic and translate them:

1. _ y _ _ e _ e 2. E _ _ _ _ l 3. d _ _ i _ _ r _ _ _ _ a _ _ _ _

4. _ u _ _ e _ _ i _ i _ i _ _ 5. _ _ _ i _ a 6. d _ _ _ o _ o _ _ _ _ o _

7. a _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ e 8. _ _ n _ _r _ 9. _ i _ _ _ _ _ i s

11. t _ _ _ _ _ q _ e

Exercise 8. Adverbs can help to describe how things happened and help to make a diagnosis. Look at the statements and underline the most appropriate adverb in these sentences.

1. The fainting? It just happened abruptly / gradually / slowly. The next thing I knew she was lying completely flat on the pavement.

2. The patient suddenly became pale and started to sweat, but not profusely / rapidly / enormously.

3. After the attack, Mr Jones came to rapidly / slowly / leisurely, and questioned whether it was a seizure.

4. Embarrassingly / Gradually / Clearly, I soiled myself and wet myself. It wasn’t very pleasant.

5. She was lying flat, but bystanders were trying to keep her upright, so she was twitching slowly / convulsively / suddenly.

6. As he couldn’t see good / clearly / visually, he got quiet frightened.

7. In a seizure, there is typically / rarely / seldom no prodrome (признак, предшествующий началу заболевания; продром), but this not always a case.

8. After collapsing, he didn’t get better spontaneously / slowly / gradually. The patient was a bit drowsy for quiet a while afterwards.

9. He recovered completely / partially / poorly from the accident. Now he’s perfectly OK.

10. Fainting and vomiting don’t reliably / partially / clearly discriminate (от-, различать) seizures from faints.

Exercise 9. Medical terminology for surgery. Match the prefixes with their meanings:

laparo – nephro – pyelo – cysto – chole – col(on) – hystero – thoraco – rhino – masto - / mammo –

nose breast large bowel chest uterus bile / the biliary sytem kidney abdomen renal pelvis bladder

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences by combining one of the prefixes above with one of the suffixes below. You may use some of the suffixes more than once.

-ectomy -lithotomy -pexy -plasty

-r(h)aphy -ostomy -otomy

1. We’re going to do something called a ________________ to have a look inside your tummy.

2. I’m afraid we’re going to have to do an operation called a _____ to remove your right kidney.

3. The only option left to us is a ________________, where we remove part of your large bowel and then make an opening in your tummy wall.

4. So how do you feel about having your womb removed by laparoscopic _______________ ?

5. We’re going to do a procedure which will involve a ________, where we remove several ribs.

6. We can do bilateral _____________, where we lift both breasts.

7. We can do a __________, where we stitch the bladder.

8. We’re going to have to remove the gall bladder. The technical name for this operation is ___.

9. What we’re going to do is to destroy some stones in the kidney in a procedure called _____.

10. We’re going to do a procedure called a __________ to fix the large part of your gut (кишка).

Exercise 11. Rapid tense change. Understanding the sequence of events and hence the tenses is important for correct diagnosis. What are the tenses of highlighted phrases?

We were shopping in Cambridge Street in town, when suddenly Barbara, my wife, just fainted. We tried to get her upright and she started twitching quiet violently. It was very scary. She came round very rapidly. But we dialed 999 and a paramedic appeared almost instantly and then the ambulance almost immediately afterwards. She had been complaining of feeling a bit unwell, and had almost fainted and she felt a bit woozy. She was a bit dizzy and she was yawning repeatedly and then all of a sudden, there she was, lying on the ground. When I come to think of it, she passed out once before about a month ago. She hasn’t been feeling well on and off over the summer. We thought it was the heat.

1. Present Perfect (Pres Perf)

2. Past Continuous (PC)

3. Past Perfect (Past Perf)

4. Past Perfect Continuous (Past Perf Cont)

5. Present Perfect Continuous (Pres Perf Cont)

6. Simple Past (SP)

Exercise 12. Complete the sentences using the verbs in brackets in the correct past tense:

1. We _______ (walk) along the street when she _________ (pass) out suddenly.

2. She ________ (have never) the pain before till now, but she ________ (experience) some bleeding the first time.

3. After he _________ (admit), he _________ (become) suddenly worse, but he has started responding the treatment.

4. He _____ (never suffer) a fit судороги before, but he _____ (feel) unwell since this morning.

5. He _____ (yawn) repeatedly, which he ____ (not do) before, and then he just _______ (faint).

6. After he _________ (fall), he _________ (start) twitching violently when we __________ (try) to get him up.

7. When she ____ (lie) on the ground, she _________ (not shake) at all. Then she just stood up.

8. What actually __________ (happen) when she _________ (fall)?

9. He _________ (bite) his tongue and he _________ (mess) himself and he ________ (feel) a bit groggy помутнение рассудка since.

PULPITIS

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary

Pulp - пульпа

Dentine - дентин

Cracked teeth - тріснуті зуби

Filling - пломба

To be sealed off - бути ізольованим, відділеним

Dissipate - розсіюватися, поширюватися

Hallmark - характерна ознака

Transient pain - скороминучий біль

Restoration - пломба

Lingering pain - затяжний біль

Referred pain - біль, що іррадіює

Gutta percha - гутаперча

Coronal tissue - тканина коронки зуба

Root canal therapy - лікування кореневого каналу

Exercise 2. Translate into Ukrainian

Increased sensitivity to stimuli, a prolonged throbbing pain, to penetrate through the enamel and dentin to reach the pulp, to depend upon the severity of the inflammation and the body's response, the pulp chamber, to dissipate through the surrounding soft tissues, a hallmark of inflammation, to respond to an irritant, to be irreversibly damaged, include dull aching pain from hot or cold, a lingering pain after removal of a stimulus, extraction of the tooth, insufficient coronal tissue

Exercise 3. Read the definition of one of the dental specialties and try to define the terms given below

Endodontics (from the Greek endo "inside"; and odons "tooth") is one of the dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association. It deals with the tooth pulp and the tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. Endodontic treatment includes a variety of procedures endodontic therapy (commonly known as "root canal therapy"), endodontic retreatment, surgery, treating cracked teeth, and treating dental trauma. Root canal therapy is one of the most common procedures. If the pulp (containing nerves, arterioles, venules, lymphatic tissue, and fibrous tissue) becomes diseased or injured, endodontic treatment is required to save the tooth.

Endodontist is …

Dentistry is …

Exercise 4. Read the text

PULPITIS

Pulpitis is inflammation of dental pulp tissue. Usually it is associated with toothache.

Increased sensitivity to stimuli, specifically hot and cold, is a common symptom of pulpitis. A prolonged throbbing pain may be associated with the disease.  However, pulpitis can also occur without any pain.

Pulpitis may be caused by a dental caries that penetrates through the enamel and dentin to reach the pulp, or it may be a result of trauma and lots of treatments such as dental tooth fillings or dental crowns.

Inflammation is commonly associated with a bacterial infection but can also be due to other causes such as repetitive trauma or in rare cases periodontitis. In the case of penetrating decay, the pulp chamber is no longer sealed off from the environment of the oral cavity.

When the pulp becomes inflamed pressure from inflammation affects the nerve and can cause mild to extreme pain, depending upon the severity of the inflammation and the body's response. Unlike other parts of the body where pressure can dissipate through the surrounding soft tissues, the pulp cavity is very different. It is surrounded by dentin, a hard tissue that does not allow for pressure dissipation, so increased blood flow, a hallmark of inflammation, will cause pain.

Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and confirmed by x-ray. 

Pulpitis can be diagnostically divided into two categories: reversible pulpitis and irreversible pulpitis.

Reversible pulpitis is the condition where the pulp is inflamed and is actively responding to an irritant. This may include a carious lesion that has not reached the pulp. Symptoms include transient pain or sensitivity resulting from many stimuli, notably hot, cold, sweets, water and touch. The pulp is still considered to be vital. This means that once the irritant is eliminated, usually by the removal of decay and the placement of a restoration, the pulp will return to its normal, healthy state.

Irreversible pulpitis is the condition where the pulp is irreversibly damaged and cannot recover. For example, decay that has reached the pulp of the tooth introduces bacteria into the pulp. The pulp is still alive, but the introduction of bacteria into the pulp will not allow the pulp to heal and it will ultimately result in necrosis, or death, of the pulp tissue.

Symptoms associated with irreversible pulpitis may include dull aching pain from hot or cold (though cold may actually provide relief), lingering pain after removal of a stimulus, spontaneous pain, or referred pain.

The pulp of a tooth with irreversible pulpitis may not be left alone to heal. 

The tooth may be  treated by root canal therapy when the pulp is removed and replaced by gutta percha. An alternative is extraction of the tooth. This may be required if there is insufficient coronal tissue remaining for restoration once the root canal therapy has been completed.

Exercise 5. Answer the questions

1. What kind of disease is pulpitis?

2. What are the common symptoms of pulpitis?

3. What are the causes of pulpitis?

4. Why does pain occur in pupitis?

5. What is the diagnosis of pulpitis based on?

6. How can pulpitis be classified?

7. What are the features of reversible pulpitis?

8. How can reversible pulpitis be treated?

9. What are the features of irreversible pulpitis?

10. How is irreversible pulpitis treated?

Exercise 6. Translate into English the words describing pain and related to pain. Then use the appropriate words in sentences.

1. 1)Pain (the character): острая, тупая, ноющая, пульсирующая, иррадиирующая, спонтанная, жгучая, колющая, давящая, сжимающая, невыносимая, стреляющая, кратковременная, затяжная, длительная, рецидивирующая

2)вызывать боль, чувствовать боль, переносить боль, страдать от боли, снимать (облегчать) боль, усиливать боль, предотвращать боль

2. 1) In reversible pulpitis the pain (subsides, prevents) when the stimulus is removed).

2) A (pressing, throbbing) pain may be associated with pulpitis.

3) Pain killers can (exacerbate, relieve) pain only for a short period.

4) A (lingering, transient) pain after removal of a stimulus is a symptom of irreversible pulpitis.

5) In angina pectoris patients (experience, cause) a (recurrent, sharp) pain behind the breastbone.

6) In irreversible pulpitis the pain is (spontaneous, burning), which may wake the patient at night and may (suffer, become worse) when lying down.

7) The symptoms of gastric ulcer may include a (gnawing, squeezing) or burning pain in the middle or upper stomach between meals or at night.

8) The pain may (feel, persist) for several days.

Exercise 7. Choose pairs of words with the similar meaning

Restoration, transient, tooth decay, findings, trauma, throbbing, persist, extraction, convalesce, response, caries, pain, data, filling, reaction, diffuse, temporal, tenderness, removal, injury, continue, recover, dissipate, pulsating

Exercise 8. Read the patient’s question and the dentist’s answer and tell what kind of pulpitis it can be and what treatment can be required in this case. Explain your conclusion.

Question:

I presently have mouth pain (dull, not acute) what has previously been described to me as pulpitis. I`ve had it several times before; it`s often triggered by biting or chewing something hard, like crusty bread. Sometimes the pain has gradually gone away by itself, and sometimes I`ve had to see an endodontist for a root canal.

This time the pain is receding slowly. Of course I would like to avoid going back to the endodontist. So other than not eating crunchy food, and patience, are there things I can do at home to facilitate recovery? If you have ideas, I`m very motivated to follow them! Thanks.

Answer:

There is no home care to heal or prevent the breakdown of the blood vessels or nerves inside your tooth. A visit to the dentist/endododontist could determine if there are any dental problems that can be fixed to prevent needing a root canal.

I would recommend an evaluation. It is important to note that tooth pain will eventually disappear regardless but if there is a problem it will eventually appear again.

Exercise 9. Transform the sentences with direct speech by those with reported speech

1. The patient said, ‘I have mouth pain (dull, not acute) what has previously been described to me as pulpitis’.

2. ‘It is important to note that tooth pain will eventually disappear regardless but if there is a problem it will eventually appear again’ said the dentist to the patient.

3. ‘Can I facilitate recovery at home?’ asked the patient.

4.  ‘How do whitening toothpastes work and how effective are they?’ asked Peter his dentist.

5. The dentist said ‘Whitening toothpastes can lighten your tooth's color by about one shade’.

6.  ‘Fluoride-containing toothpastes have been shown to prevent cavities,’ explained the dentist.

7. ‘Visit your dentist to determine if there are any dental problems that can be fixed to prevent needing a root canal,’ said the family doctor to Ben.

8.  "We are encouraging dentists to select radiographic examinations for their patients on an individual basis," said Dr. Sharon Brooks.

Exercise 10. Open the bracket and translate

1. If the infection (to be) severe, the child will need to be treated in the hospital and receive antibiotics through an intravenous (IV) catheter.

2. Different types of bacteria (to involve) in this process that can lead to an infection in the inside of the tooth.

3. The pain (to reduce) significantly by physiotherapeutic procedures before the patient (to examine) by the endodontist.

4. Avoid medications such as ibuprofen or aspirin to manage toothache as these generally (not to consider) safe during pregnancy.

5. A 9-year-old boy having caries (to refer) to a paediatric dental clinic after two previous extractions in a general practice.

6. The endodontic treatment (to complete) by the end of the next week.

7. Recent studies (to show) a positive relationship between caries and dental erosion and the consumption of soft drinks.

8. To manage dental pain, acetaminophen (Tylenol) (to recommend) for pain relief.

Exercise 11. Have you ever experienced toothache? Was it pulpitis? Tell about you visiting a dentist.