- •Державний вищий навчальний заклад
- •Передмова
- •Перелік тем лекційних та семинарських занять. Їх розподілення у відповідності до кредитно-модульної системи
- •Topic 2 Classification of Germanic languages
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Topic 3 Historical phonology (1)
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Topic 4 Historical phonology (2)
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Topic 5 Historical morphology. The word-class noun and adjective
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Topic 7 Germanic alphabets and Germanic vocabulary
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Topic 8 East Germanic languages
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Topic 9 North and West Germanic languages
- •Questions and tasks:
- •Рекомендації до виконання індивідуальної роботи та індивідуальні завдання
- •2. Topics of reports (3-4 printed pages, for 5-7 minutes).
- •17. The Rhenish fan (linguistic geography on the second consonant shift)
- •43. Old Germanic vocabulary
- •3. Solve the following etymological tasks:
- •Готський алфавіт та правила читання готських текстів
- •Рекомендації до рішення етимологічних задач
- •Завдання для додаткового добору балів
- •Питання на іспит
- •2. Neogrammarian linguistics
- •3. Old Germanic tribes and dialects
- •Розподіл балів за модулями та критерії оцінювання
- •Глосарій термінів Ablaut - a system of vowel gradation (I.E. Regular vowel variations) in Proto-Indo-European and its far-reaching consequences in all of the modern Indo-European languages.
- •Перелік рекомендованої літератури
- •Основна
- •2. Додаткова
- •Перелік інтернет-ресурсів з курсу
Topic 3 Historical phonology (1)
1. Comparison of Indo-European and Proto-Germanic consonant systems
2. Grimm’s law
3. Verner’s law
4. Consonant shifts
5. Interpretation of consonant shifts
6. Other phonetic processes in the system of Germanic consonants.
Key-words: Grimm’s law, Verner’s law, diphthongs/monophthongs, sound clusters, shift, rhotacism, gemination, Holtzmann’s Law, sound law, aspiration, fricatives, plosives.
Questions and tasks:
Give the interpretation of the First consonant shift.
Which one of the Germanic consonant shifts lasts till nowadays?
Find the examples of cognates from different languages to illustrate all acts of Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law.
Find the examples to illustrate the process of gemination, rhotasism.
Find examples to illustrate the Second (High German) consonant shift.
You are given the correspondences: Engl. Foot, Germ. Fuß. Reconstruct the consonants of Indo-European root.
There is the correspondence: Lat. Pondus «wight», Engl. Pound and Germ. Pfund. Is it a genetic relatedness or borrowing?
Give the Engl. Cognate for Germ. Netz.
There are the words: Engl. Plight, Germ. Pflicht, Engl. Pit, Germ. Pfütze, Engl. Penny, Germ. Pfennig. What do they illustrate?
There are Germ. Zunge, Zopf. Give Engl. equivalent cognates.
There are Germ. Essen, Wasser, Kessel. Give Engl. Equivalent cognates.
There are Engl. Thank, Germ. Danken, Engl. That, Germ. Das. Prove the correspondence of the pairs.
Explain the correspondence of cognates: Engl. Apple, Germ. Apfel.
There are Lat. piscis, Goth. fisks, OHG fisc, Germ. Fisch, Engl. fish. Reconstruct IE root vowel.
Prove the relatedness of Lat. tu, Russ. ты, Goth. Þu, Engl. thou, Germ. du.
Prove the relatedness of Russ. борода, Engl. beard, Germ. Bart. Reconstruct IE root vowel.
Prove the relatedness of Russ. яблоко, Engl. apple, Germ. Apfel. Reconstruct IE root vowel.
Which Indo-European consonant corresponds to German z in Netz?
You are given the following German words: Eiche, machen, Loch, wack, sucken. Fill in the missing letters to get English cognates for them: oa_, ma_e, lo_, wa_e, see_.
Find Ukrainian and Russian genetic equivalents to the following English words: red, apple, eye, yellow, pool, nail, cold, water, snow, be, sit, eat, beat, I, my, wax using sound correspondences.
Find English genetic equivalents to the following German words: schlafen, sitzen, Pforte, opfern, Pfeife, Pfeffer, Katze, Kopf, zwei, Pfund, Wurzel, Nuss, wass, schaffen, Tisch, Wasser, Zimmer, Zaun, Wolke, Meer, machen, Buch, Vogel, Tier.
Read the following citations of acknowledged linguists. Make your comments:
“Sound change ‘operates blindly’”. (Hock H., Joseph B. Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship. Berlin, NY. 1996. P.123).
“There clearly must be limits on the extent to which simplification can progress: If phonetic simplicity were permitted to run its full course, it would change all words to something like [ə]”. “Human language requires a certain degree of complexity to successfully communicate meaning, variation and creativeness”. (Hock H., Joseph B. Language History, Language Change and Language Relationship. Berlin, NY. 1996. P.127).