U n I t 7

TOPIC: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TEXT A TEXT B TEXT C GRAMMAR: The Past Perfect Tense. The Future Perfect Tense Indefinite Pronouns: some, any, no, none

Reading drIlls

1. Practise the pronunciation of the following words:

a) stress the first syllable:

scarcity, common, organize, market, ritual, custom, habit, stable, punish, century, harsh, differently, since, system, major, stagnant;

b) stress the second syllable:

survive, survival, society, community, determine, traditional, command, result, ability, prescribe, behaviour, distribute, advantage, discourage, provide, activity, continuous, decision, economy.

Text A

The survival of any society depends on its ability to provide food, clothing and shelter for its people. Since these societies are also faced with scarcity decisions concerning What, How and for Whom to produce must be made.

All societies have something else in common. They have an economic system or an organized way of providing for the wants and needs of their people. The way in which these decisions are made will determine the type of economic system they have. There are three major kinds of economic systems: traditional, command and market.

Traditional Economy

In a society with a traditional economy nearly all economic activity is the result of ritual and custom. Habit and custom also prescribe most social behaviour¹. Individuals are not free to make decisions based on what they want or would like to have. Instead, their roles are defined. They know what goods and services will be produced, how to produce them, and how such goods and services will be distributed.

An example of traditional economy is the society of polar eskimo² of the last century. For generations, parents taught their children how to survive in a harsh climate, make tools, fish and hunt. Their children, in turn, taught these skills to the next generation. The main advantage of the traditional economy is that everyone has a role in it. This helps keep economic life stable and community life continuous. The main disadvantage of the traditional economy is that it tends to discourage³ new ideas and even punishes people for breaking rules or doing things differently. So it tends to be stagnant⁴ or fails to grow over time⁵.

Comments

1. social behaviour — тут: поведiнка суспiльства

2. polar eskimo — ескiмоси пiвночi

3. to discourage — розхолоджувати

4. ... tends to be stagnant — має схильнiсть до застою

5. ... fails to grow over time — не може розвиватися далi

Vocabulary exercises

I. Give the corresponding nouns to the following verbs:

to survive, to depend on, to provide, to prescribe, to decide, to distribute, to determine, to organize, to generate, to behave, to define, to know, to punish, to tend, to grow, to direct.

2. Find equivalents:

1. to make decisions 2. to have smth in common 3. economic system 4. traditional economy 5. command economy 6. market economy 7. social behaviour 8. major kinds 9. for generations 10. main advantage 11. main disadvantage 12. to make tools

а. із поколiння в поколiння б. традицiйна економiка в. поведiнка суспiльства г. головнi типи д. головний недолiк е. приймати рiшення є. командна економiка ж. головна перевага з. ринкова економiка и. економiчна система i. мати щось спiльне ї. виробляти знаряддя