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ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ

ɍ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɽ ɡɚɹɜɭ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɭ ɞɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɡ ɹɤɢɦ ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ), ɹɤɚ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɰɬɜɨɦ.

Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ) ɫɭɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚ ɭɦɨɜɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɤɚɡɚɧɨɝɨ ɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɡ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɜ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ). Ɋɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɩɟɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɧɹ ɪɚɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɿɜ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ) ɫɭɦ ɡ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɿ ɡɛɨɪɿɜ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɟ ɭɡɝɨɞɠɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɳɟ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɜɱɨʀ ɜɥɚɞɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭɤɥɚɞɚɜ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ), ɜɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɞɨ ɧɶɨɝɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɡɦɿɧɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɡɚɧɨɫɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ ɬɚ ɤɚɪɬɤɭ ɨɫɨɛɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɭ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ.

ɉɚɩɟɪɨɜɢɣ ɜɢɬɹɝ ɡ ɠɭɪɧɚɥɭ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɿ ɡɜɿɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨʀ ɡɜɿɪɤɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɩɟɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɿɧɲɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ, ɭ ɬɨɦɭ ɱɢɫɥɿ ɞɨ ɿɧɫɩɟɤɰɿʀ (ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɭ) ɩɨ ɨɛɫɥɭɝɨɜɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɡɚ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ (ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ) ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ, ɧɚɞɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɡɧɚɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹɦ.

ɉɿɞɫɬɚɜɨɸ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ) ɽ ɞɨɝɨɜɿɪ, ɭɤɥɚɞɟɧɢɣ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ, ɹɤɳɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧ ɞɿʀ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɽɫɬɪɚɰɿʀ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɳɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɿɧɱɢɜɫɹ. ȱɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɢɯ) ɫɭɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɬɚ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɿ.

Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɨɤɪɟɦɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɳɨɪɿɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɢɥɸɞɧɸɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɨ ɜ ɞɪɭɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɯ ɦɚɫɨɜɨʀ ɿɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɿʀ, ɳɨ ɜɢɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɚɛɨ ɪɨɡɦɿɳɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɚɣɬɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜ ɦɟɪɟɠɿ ȱɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ.

Ȼɭɞɶ-ɹɤɢɣ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɜɢɦɚɝɚɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ, ɚ ɨɪɝɚɧ, ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢɣɦɚɬɢ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɶ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɶ), ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɢɣ ɡɚɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɭ ɜɢɦɨɝɭ ɭ ɪɚɡɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɢ, ɧɚɞɚɧɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɹɤ ɨɛʉɪɭɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ (ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ), ɽ ɬɨɬɨɠɧɢɦɢ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɦ, ɧɚɞɚɧɢɦ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢ-

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ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 9. ɊɈɁɋɌɊɈɑȿɇɇə ɌȺ ȼȱȾɋɌɊɈɑȿɇɇə …

ɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɳɨɞɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɹɤɢɯ ɛɭɥɢ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɿ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ.

Ɋɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɛɨɪɝɭ ɧɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɹɸɬɶ ɦɚɣɧɨ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɡ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɢ [39, ɫɬ. 100 ɩ. 14].

Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɿ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɧɧɹ

9.1.ȼ ɹɤɢɯ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɚɯ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɢɬɢ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ?

9.2.əɤɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɦɚɽ ɜɤɚɡɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɜ ɡɚɹɜɿ ɩɪɨ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ?

9.3.Ɂɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɜ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ?

9.4.ɍ ɱɨɦɭ ɩɨɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɦɿɧɧɨɫɬɿ ɦɿɠ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹɦ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ?

9.5.əɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɚ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ?

9.6.Ⱦɨ ɹɤɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɦɚɽ ɡɜɟɪɬɚɬɢɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤ ɭ ɜɢɩɚɞɤɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɭ 2 ɦɥɧ ɝɪɧ?

9.7.ɓɨ ɜɿɞɛɭɜɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɹɤɳɨ ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɫɢɥɚɽ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɭ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ, ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɟ ɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɫɤɚɪɝɨɸ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ?

9.8.ɓɨ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ?

9.9.ɓɨ ɹɜɥɹɽ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ?

9.10.əɤɿ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɿɞɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɪɨɡɫɬɪɨɱɟɧɧɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɶ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ?

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ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ

ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 10

ȼɂȾɂ ɌȺ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɂ ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə ɉɊȺȼɈɉɈɊɍɒȿɇɖ ɍ ɋɎȿɊȱ ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼɈȽɈ ɁȺɄɈɇɈȾȺȼɋɌȼȺ.

ɒɌɊȺɎɇȱ ɋȺɇɄɐȱȲ ɌȺ ɉȿɇə

Ʉɥɸɱɨɜɿ ɫɥɨɜɚ: ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ, ɲɬɪɚɮɧɿ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ, ɡɚɧɢɠɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɧɹ, ɩɟɧɹ, ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɟɧɿ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɚɧɤɿɜ, ɧɟɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɟɠɿɜ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɟ ɧɚɪɚɯɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɲɬɪɚɮɿɜ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ.

10.1. ȼȱȾɉɈȼȱȾȺɅɖɇȱɋɌɖ ɉɅȺɌɇɂɄȱȼ ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ ɓɈȾɈ ɉɈɊɍɒȿɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼɈȽɈ ɁȺɄɈɇɈȾȺȼɋɌȼȺ

Ɂɚɩɨɛɿɠɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɸɬɶ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚɦɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ʀɯɧɿɯ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ ɩɨ ɫɩɥɚɬɿ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɿɞɲɤɨɞɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɛɢɬɤɭ ɜɿɞ ʀɯ ɧɟɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɨʀ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɩɨɜɧɨʀ ɫɩɥɚɬɢ. Ɇɨɠɧɚ ɜɢɞɿɥɢɬɢ ɞɟɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ, ɹɤɢɦɢ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɿ ɤɟɪɭɜɚɬɢɫɹ ɩɪɚɰɿɜɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɜ ɩɪɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɿ ɡɚɯɨɞɿɜ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ (ɬɚɛɥ. 10.1).

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 10.1

ɉȿɊȿɅȱɄ ȼɂɆɈȽ ɓɈȾɈ ȼɋɌȺɇɈȼɅȿɇɇə Ɋȱȼɇə ȼȱȾɉɈȼȱȾȺɅɖɇɈɋɌȱ ɁȺ ɉɈɊɍɒȿɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼɈȽɈ ɁȺɄɈɇɈȾȺȼɋɌȼȺ

163

ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 10. ȼɂȾɂ ɌȺ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɂ ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə …

ɇɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɬɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɶɨ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɹɤɿ ɬɚɤ ɱɢ ɿɧɚɤɲɟ ɫɬɨɫɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɨɪɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɢ. ɐɟ ɧɚɥɟɠɧɨɸ ɦɿɪɨɸ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɫɮɟɪɢ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɢɜɚɧɧɹ «ɛɪɭɞɧɢɯ» ɝɪɨɲɟɣ, ɮɿɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɚɧɤɪɭɬɫɬɜɨ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɟ.

ɉɿɞɫɬɚɜɨɸ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɽ ɬɚɤɿ ɞɿʀ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ, ɩɨ-ɩɟɪɲɟ, ɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɤɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɿɹɧɧɹ ɿ, ɩɨ-ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɭɫɿ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ. Ɉɡɧɚɤɚɦɢ ɤɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɿɹɧɧɹ ɽ: ɧɟɞɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɧɹ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɨɪɦ, ɜɢɧɚ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɧɢɣ ɡɜ’ɹɡɨɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɪɚɜɧɨʀ ɞɿʀ ɿ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɨʀ ɲɤɨɞɢ. ɋɤɥɚɞ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ — ɰɟ ɭɦɨɜɢ, ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɿ ɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɿ, ɩɪɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɿ ɹɤɢɯ ɭ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɿɹɧɧɹ ɭɱɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧ ɨɰɿɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɹɤ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɳɨ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɹ ɩɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɶ (ɪɢɫ. 10.1) [42, ɫ. 247].

ɉɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ

Ɋɢɫ. 10.1. ȿɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ

ɉɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɨ ɹɤ ɞɿɽɸ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ. ɉɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɦɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɿ, ɭɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɿɤ, ɧɟɩɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ — ɧɚɣɩɨɲɢɪɟɧɿɲɿ ɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɢ ɩɨ-

164

ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ

ɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɯ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ. Ƚɪɭɛɟ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ ɿ ɜɢɬɪɚɬ, ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɪɨɛɥɟɧɟ ɹɤ ɞɿɽɸ (ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ ɧɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɤɚɯ ɛɭɯɝɚɥɬɟɪɫɶɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ), ɬɚɤ ɿ ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ (ɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɿ ɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɨɛɥɿɤɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿɣ).

ɋɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɸɬɶ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ, ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɬɶ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɬɢ ɡɚɯɨɞɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ. ɐɿ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɪɿɡɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɯ ɿ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ. Ɍɚɤ, ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɜɿɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɜɚ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɮɿɡɢɱɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦ. Ɍɨɦɭ ɞɥɹ ɱɿɬɤɨɝɨ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɫɚɦɩɟɪɟɞ, ɜɢɞɿɥɹɸɬɶ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɿɜ: ɮɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɬɚ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ.

Ɏɿɡɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɹɤ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɢ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɿɞɪɨɡɞɿɥɹɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɞɜɿ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɿʀ. Ⱦɨ ɩɟɪɲɨʀ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɬɿ, ɳɨ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɯ ɭ ɹɤɨɫɬɿ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɯ ɚɝɟɧɬɿɜ, ɚ ɞɨ ɞɪɭɝɨʀ — ɬɿ, ɳɨ ɛɟɪɭɬɶ ɭɱɚɫɬɶ ɭ ɰɢɯ ɜɿɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɯ ɹɤ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ.

ɋɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɸɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɞɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ ɹɤ ɭɤɪɚʀɧɫɶɤɿ, ɬɚɤ ɿ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɧɿ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ɤɨɦɩɚɧɿʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɤɨɪɩɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɭɬɜɨɪɟɧɧɹ, ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɿ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ, ʀɯɧɿ ɮɿɥɿʀ ɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɬɜɚ. ȼɨɧɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɟ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɹɤ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ, ɚɥɟ ɿ ɹɤ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɿ ɚɝɟɧɬɢ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɿɜ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ, ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɭɬɶ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɛɚɧɤɢ, ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɭɸɬɶ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɨɜɟ ɬɚ ɤɚɫɨɜɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɛɸɞɠɟɬɭ. ɉɪɢ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɫɥɿɞ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɸɪɢɞɢɱɧɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɜɢɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɫɭɛ’ɽɤɬɚɦɢ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ.

10.2. ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊȺɌɂȼɇȺ ȼȱȾɉɈȼȱȾȺɅɖɇȱɋɌɖ ɉɅȺɌɇɂɄȺ ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ ɁȺ ɉɈȾȺɌɄɈȼȿ ɉɊȺȼɈɉɈɊɍɒȿɇɇə

Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɟɦɨ ɞɨɤɥɚɞɧɿɲɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɡɚ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɿ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ: ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ, ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɚ ɬɚ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɚ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɪɚɜɧɚ (ɭɦɢɫɧɚ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɚ) ɞɿɹ ɱɢ ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɹɤɚ ɩɨɫɹɝɚɽ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɫɶɤɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ, ɜɥɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɣ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɢ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɧɚ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɣ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɿɧɧɹ, ɿ ɡɚ ɹɤɭ

165

ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 10. ȼɂȾɂ ɌȺ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɂ ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə …

ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɳɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɽ, ɹɤɳɨ ɰɿ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦ ɧɟ ɬɹɝɧɭɬɶ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ [36, ɫɬ. 9].

Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɿ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɤɟɪɿɜɧɢɤɿɜ ɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɞɿɸɱɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɱɢɯ ɿ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɿɜ. Ɋɨɡɦɿɪ ɿ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɲɬɪɚɮɿɜ ɪɟɝɥɚɦɟɧɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ Ʉɨɞɟɤɫɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɩɪɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ [36], Ɂɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ «ɉɪɨ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɜ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɿ» ɡɿ ɡɦɿɧɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦɢ [27].

Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɿ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɫɮɟɪɿ ɨɩɨɞɚɬɤɭɜɚɧɧɹ [36]:

1)ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɬɟɪɦɿɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɿɤ ɜ ɨɪɝɚɧɿ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɧɨʀ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ;

2)ɧɟɞɨɩɭɳɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨʀ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɨʀ ɩɟɪɟɜɿɪɤɢ ɜɢɪɨɛɧɢɱɢɯ, ɫɤɥɚɞɫɶɤɢɯ, ɬɨɪɝɨɜɟɥɶɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɿɳɟɧɶ, ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɨɜɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɯɨɞɿɜ;

3)ɧɟɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɦɨɝ ɳɨɞɨ ɭɫɭɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɿ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɭ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ;

4)ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɞɛɚɧɧɹ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɿɜ ɚɛɨ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɞɚɠɭ ɬɨɜɚɪɿɜ, ɧɟ ɜɿɞɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿɹɯ;

5)ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɡɚɧɹɬɬɹ ɩɿɞɩɪɢɽɦɧɢɰɶɤɨɸ ɚɛɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɶɤɨɸ ɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɸ;

6)ɭɯɢɥɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɞ ɩɨɞɚɧɧɹ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɿʀ ɩɪɨ ɞɨɯɨɞɢ;

7)ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɚ ɡ ɮɿɧɚɧɫɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚɧɶ;

8)ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɭɧɤɿɜ ɡɿ ɫɩɨɠɢɜɚ-

ɱɚɦɢ;

9)ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥ ɩɪɨ ɜɚɥɸɬɧɿ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɿʀ;

10)ɡɛɟɪɿɝɚɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨʀɜ ɱɢ ɬɸɬɸɧɨɜɢɯ ɜɢɪɨɛɿɜ, ɧɚ ɹɤɢɯ ɧɟɦɚɽ ɦɚɪɨɤ ɚɤɰɢɡɧɨɝɨ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɚɡɤɚ.

Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɢɦ ɭɦɢɫɧɨ, ɤɨɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ, ɭɫɜɿɞɨɦɥɸɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɪɚɜɧɢɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɞɿʀ ɱɢ ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɥɚ ʀʀ ɲɤɿɞɥɢɜɿ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɢ ɣ ɫɜɿɞɨɦɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɤɚɥɚ ʀɯ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ. Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɡɧɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɢɦ ɿɡ ɧɟɨɛɟɪɟɠɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɨɥɢ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɿɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɲɤɿɞɥɢɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɿɜ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɞɿʀ (ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ), ɚɥɟ ɪɨɡɪɚɯɨɜɭɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ʀɯ ɜɿɞɜɟ-

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ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ

ɪɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɥɚ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɿɞɤɿɜ, ɯɨɱɚ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɛɭɥɚ ɣ ɦɨɝɥɚ ʀɯ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɢɬɢ.

ȱɧɨɡɟɦɰɿ ɬɚ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɫɬɜɚ, ɹɤɿ ɩɟɪɟɛɭɜɚɸɬɶ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɩɿɞɫɬɚɜɚɯ ɿɡ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧɚɦɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ. ɉɢɬɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɜɱɢɧɟɧɿ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɿɧɨɡɟɦɰɹɦɢ, ɹɤɿ ɡɝɿɞɧɨ ɡ ɱɢɧɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɬɚ ɦɿɠɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɿɦɭɧɿɬɟɬɨɦ ɜɿɞ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɸɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɿʀ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ, ɜɢɪɿɲɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɬɿɥɶɤɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ.

ɋɥɿɞ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɢɬɢ, ɳɨ ɱɢɧɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ, ɹɤɿ ɜɢɤɥɸɱɚɸɬɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ, ɡɨɤɪɟɦɚ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɿ ɞɿɹɥɢ ɜ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɪɚɣɧɶɨʀ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɭɥɢ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɧɟɨɫɭɞɧɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɸɬɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ [36].

Ʉɪɿɦ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ), ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɜɢɪɿɲɭɜɚɬɢ ɫɩɪɚɜɭ, ɦɨɠɟ ɡɜɿɥɶɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɜɿɞ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ ɣ ɨɛɦɟɠɢɬɢɫɶ ɭɫɧɢɦ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹɦ.

Ɂɚ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɞɨ ɩɥɚɬɧɢɤɿɜ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɿɜ ɦɨɠɭɬɶ ɛɭɬɢ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɨɜɚɧɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ: ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɲɬɪɚɮ ɬɚ ɤɨɧɮɿɫɤɚɰɿɹ [36].

ɉɨɩɟɪɟɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɹɤ ɡɚɯɿɞ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɨɫɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɿɣ ɮɨɪɦɿ. ɒɬɪɚɮ ɽ ɝɪɨɲɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹɦ, ɳɨ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ ɿ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɢɯ ɨɫɿɛ ɡɚ ɫɤɨɽɧɧɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɢɯ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ. Ʉɨɧɮɿɫɤɚɰɿɹ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɜ ɡɧɚɪɹɞɞɹɦ ɭɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɩɨɫɟɪɟɞɧɿɦ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɨɦ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɥɹɝɚɽ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɭɫɨɜɿɣ ɛɟɡɨɩɥɚɬɧɿɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɿ ɰɶɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɟɪɠɚɜɢ ɡɚ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɫɭɞɭ. Ʉɨɧɮɿɫɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɽ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɿɣ ɜɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ, ɹɤɳɨ ɿɧɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚɦɢ ɍɤɪɚʀɧɢ.

ɉɪɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɿ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜɪɚɯɨɜɭɸɬɶɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɨɫɨɛɚ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ, ɫɬɭɩɿɧɶ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɧɢ, ɦɚɣɧɨɜɢɣ ɫɬɚɧ, ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɩɨɦ’ɹɤɲɭɸɬɶ ɿ ɨɛɬɹɠɭɸɬɶ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ

(ɬɚɛɥ. 10.2) [36].

ɉɪɢ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɿ ɨɞɧɿɽɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɞɜɨɯ ɚɛɨ ɛɿɥɶɲɟ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɤɨɠɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɨɤɪɟɦɨ. əɤɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɤɿɥɶɤɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ, ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨ ɹɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɱɚɫɧɨ ɪɨɡ-

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ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 10. ȼɂȾɂ ɌȺ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɂ ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə …

ɝɥɹɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɿ ɬɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ), ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɦɟɠɚɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɿʀ, ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨʀ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɫɟɪɣɨɡɧɿɲɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɡ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɢɯ. Ⱦɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɰɶɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɿ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɩɪɢɽɞɧɚɧɨ ɿ ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɜɟ, ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɟɧɿ ɫɬɚɬɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɧɚɫɥɿɞɨɤ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɢɧɟɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ.

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɹ 10.2

ɈȻɋɌȺȼɂɇɂ, ɓɈ ȼɊȺɏɈȼɍɘɌɖɋə ɉɊɂ ȼɂɁɇȺɑȿɇɇȱ ȼȱȾɉɈȼȱȾȺɅɖɇɈɋɌȱ ȼɇȺɋɅȱȾɈɄ ɍɑɂɇȿɇɈȽɈ ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊȺɌɂȼɇɈȽɈ ɉɊȺȼɈɉɈɊɍɒȿɇɇə

Ⱥɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ,

ɹɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɞɜɚ ɦɿɫɹɰɿ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɢɜɚɸɱɨɦɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɿ — ɞɜɚ ɦɿɫɹɰɿ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ. ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɜ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɿ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɚɛɨ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ, ɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜ ɞɿɹɯ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ ɨɡɧɚɤ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɟ ɧɟ ɩɿɡɧɿɲɟ ɹɤ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɦɿɫɹɰɶ ɿɡ ɞɧɹ ɩɪɢɣɧɹɬɬɹ ɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɨ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɭ ɜ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɿ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɚɛɨ ɩɪɨ ʀʀ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɬɹ. əɤɳɨ ɨɫɨɛɚ, ɩɿɞɞɚɧɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɸ, ɩɪɨɬɹɝɨɦ ɪɨɤɭ ɡ ɞɧɹ ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɚ-

168

ȺȾɆȱɇȱɋɌɊɍȼȺɇɇə ɉɈȾȺɌɄȱȼ

ɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɬɨ ɜɜɚɠɚɽɬɶɫɹ, ɳɨ ɜɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɥɚ ɩɿɞɞɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɦɭ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɸ [36].

Ɂɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɚɯ ɩɪɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟɪɨɡɪɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɜ’ɹɡɚɧɿ ɡ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɽɸ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɿɣɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɧɨɫɬɿ. Ⱦɨ ɧɚɣɜɚɠɥɢɜɿɲɢɯ ɿɡ ɧɢɯ ɧɚɥɟɠɚɬɶ: ɫɜɨɽɱɚɫɧɟ, ɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɟ, ɩɨɜɧɟ ɣ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɡ’ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ ɤɨɠɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ, ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ʀʀ ɭ ɬɨɱɧɿɣ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɞɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ, ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɜɢɧɟɫɟɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɹɜɥɟɧɧɹ ɩɪɢɱɢɧ ɬɚ ɭɦɨɜ, ɳɨ ɫɩɪɢɹɸɬɶ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɸ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɶ, ɬɚ ʀɯ ɡɚɩɨɛɿɝɚɧɧɹ.

ɉɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɿ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɭɬɢ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɚɬɢɦ, ɚ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɚɬɟ ɩɿɞɥɹɝɚɽ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɬɸ ɡɚ ɨɛɫɬɚ-

ɜɢɧ [36]:

•ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨɞɿʀ ɿ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ;

•ɧɟɞɨɫɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɭɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɲɿɫɬɧɚɞɰɹɬɢɪɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɿɤɭ;

•ɧɟɨɫɭɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɚ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɞɿɸ ɱɢ ɛɟɡɞɿɹɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ;

•ɭɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɞɿʀ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɿ ɤɪɚɣɧɶɨʀ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨɫɬɿ ɚɛɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɨʀ ɨɛɨɪɨɧɢ;

•ɜɢɞɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɚ ɚɦɧɿɫɬɿʀ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɿɧ ɭɫɭɜɚɽ ɡɚɫɬɨɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ;

•ɫɤɚɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɚɤɬɚ, ɹɤɢɣ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ;

•ɡɚɤɿɧɱɟɧɧɹ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɨɤɿɜ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɶ;

•ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɳɨɞɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɭ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ) ɳɨɞɨ ɧɚɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɹɝɧɟɧɧɹ, ɚɛɨ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɫɨɜɚɧɨʀ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɚɤɪɢɬɬɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɨɦɭ ɮɚɤɬɭ ɤɪɢɦɿɧɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ;

•ɫɦɟɪɬɶ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɳɨɞɨ ɹɤɨʀ ɛɭɥɨ ɪɨɡɩɨɱɚɬɨ ɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜ ɫɩɪɚɜɿ. Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɞ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɞɿɣɫɧɸɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɫɚɞɚɯ ɪɿɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɦ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ), ɹɤɢɣ ʀʀ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽ, ɜɫɿɯ ɝɪɨɦɚɞɹɧ, ɧɟ ɡɚɥɟɠɧɨ ɜɿɞ ɪɚɫɢ, ɤɨɥɶɨɪɭ ɲɤɿɪɢ, ɩɨɥɿɬɢɱɧɢɯ, ɪɟɥɿɝɿɣɧɢɯ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɶ, ɫɬɚɬɿ, ɟɬɧɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɚ ɫɨɰɿɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɯɨɞɠɟɧɧɹ, ɦɚɣɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɭ, ɦɿɫɰɹ ɩɪɨɠɢɜɚɧɧɹ, ɦɨɜɢ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɢɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ.

169

ɊɈɁȾȱɅ 10. ȼɂȾɂ ɌȺ ɋɉɈɋɈȻɂ ɁȾȱɃɋɇȿɇɇə …

Ⱦɨɤɚɡɚɦɢ ɭ ɫɩɪɚɜɿ ɳɨɞɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɽ ɛɭɞɶ-ɹɤɿ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɿ ɹɤɢɯ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɽ ɧɚɹɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɱɢ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɿɫɬɶ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɜɢɧɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɚɧɨʀ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɜ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɿ ɬɚ ɿɧɲɿ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧɢ, ɳɨ ɦɚɸɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ. ɐɿ ɞɚɧɿ ɜɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɳɨɞɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɚ ɩɪɢɬɹɝɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨʀ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɿ, ɩɨɬɟɪɩɿɥɢɯ, ɫɜɿɞɤɿɜ, ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɨɦ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɬɚ, ɪɟɱɨɜɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɥɭɱɟɧɧɹ ɪɟɱɟɣ ɬɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɿɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɿɧɲɢɦɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ.

ɉɪɨ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɭɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɨɸ ɧɚ ɬɟ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɨɸ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ. ɍ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿ ɩɪɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɧɿ ɞɚɧɿ: ɞɚɬɚ ɿ ɦɿɫɰɟ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɹ; ɩɨɫɚɞɚ, ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɟ, ɿɦ’ɹ, ɩɨɛɚɬɶɤɨɜɿ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ; ɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɨ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ; ɦɿɫɰɟ, ɱɚɫ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɿ ɫɭɬɶ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ; ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɣ ɚɤɬ, ɹɤɢɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɛɚɱɚɽ ɜɿɞɩɨɜɿɞɚɥɶɧɿɫɬɶ ɡɚ ɞɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ; ɩɪɿɡɜɢɳɚ, ɚɞɪɟɫɢ ɫɜɿɞɤɿɜ, ɹɤɳɨ ɜɨɧɢ ɽ; ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɚ; ɿɧɲɿ ɜɿɞɨɦɨɫɬɿ, ɧɟɨɛɯɿɞɧɿ ɞɥɹ ɜɢɪɿɲɟɧɧɹ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ [36].

ɍɩɨɜɧɨɜɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ) ɨɰɿɧɸɽ ɞɨɤɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʀɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɨɧɚɧɧɹɦ, ɳɨ ʉɪɭɧɬɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɫɟɛɿɱɧɨɦɭ, ɩɨɜɧɨɦɭ ɿ ɨɛ’ɽɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɧɿ ɜɫɿɯ ɨɛɫɬɚɜɢɧ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɜ ʀɯɧɿɣ ɫɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɿ, ɤɟɪɭɸɱɢɫɶ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɿ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɜɿɞɨɦɿɫɬɸ. əɤɳɨ ɩɪɢ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɿ ɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ (ɩɨɫɚɞɨɜɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ) ɩɪɢɣɞɟ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɧɨɜɤɭ, ɳɨ ɜ ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɿ ɽ ɨɡɧɚɤɢ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɭ, ɜɿɧ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɽ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɨɪɭ, ɨɪɝɚɧɭ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɞɧɶɨɝɨ ɫɥɿɞɫɬɜɚ ɚɛɨ ɞɿɡɧɚɧɧɹ.

əɤɳɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹɦ ɡɚɩɨɞɿɹɧɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɶɧɭ ɲɤɨɞɭ, ɩɪɨ ɰɟ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɡɚɡɧɚɱɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿ. ɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ, ɹɤɚ ɣɨɝɨ ɫɤɥɚɥɚ, ɣ ɨɫɨɛɨɸ, ɹɤɚ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɹɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɫɜɿɞɤɿɜ — ɩɿɞɩɢɫɭɽɬɶɫɹ ɣ ɰɢɦɢ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɢ. ɍ ɪɚɡɿ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɨɫɨɛɢ, ɹɤɚ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɜɿɞ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ, ɜ ɧɶɨɦɭ ɪɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɩɪɨ ɰɟ. Ɉɫɨɛɚ, ɹɤɚ ɜɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ, ɦɚɽ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɹɫɧɟɧɧɹ ɣ ɡɚɭɜɚɠɟɧɧɹ ɳɨɞɨ ɡɦɿɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ, ɹɤɿ ɞɨɞɚɸɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɶɨɝɨ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɠ ɜɢɤɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɢ ɫɜɨɽʀ ɜɿɞɦɨɜɢ ɜɿɞ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɿɞɩɢɫɚɧɧɹ. ɉɪɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɟɧɧɿ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ ɩɨɪɭɲɧɢɤɨɜɿ ɪɨɡ’ɹɫɧɸɸɬɶɫɹ ɣɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɣ ɨɛɨɜ’ɹɡɤɢ, ɩɪɨ ɳɨ ɪɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɜɿɞɦɿɬɤɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɿ.

ɋɩɪɚɜɚ ɳɨɞɨ ɚɞɦɿɧɿɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɧɹ ɪɨɡɝɥɹɞɚɽɬɶɫɹ ɡɚ ɦɿɫɰɟɦ ɣɨɝɨ ɜɱɢɧɟɧɧɹ ɜ 15-ɞɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɬɪɨɤ ɿɡ ɞɧɹ ɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɧɹ ɨɪɝɚ-

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