Отличие причастия, герундия и отглагольного существительного

Алгоритм определения -ing форм:

1. Признаки отглагольного существительного: артикль, форма множественного числа, сочетание с прилагательным или причастием, стоит в ряду однородных существительных, имеет после себя определение с предлогом of. Если присутствует хотя бы один из вышеперечисленных признаков, то данная – ing форма – существительное. В этом случае нужно проверить значение этого слова по словарю, т.к. значение отглагольных существительных часто отличается от значения глаголов, от которых они образованы: to build – строить, но the building- здание; to say – сказать, the saying – поговорка. Если таковых признаков нет, то переходим к следующему пункту.

2. Признаки герундия: имеет перед собой притяжательное местоимение, имеет перед собой предлог. Если присутствует хотя бы один из вышеперечисленных признаков, то данная –ing форма – герундий. Если ни одного из признаков нет, то определяем функцию.

3. Если функция – определение или обстоятельство, то часть речи – причастие.

Упражнение 12. Определить часть речи, выраженную -ing формой.

1. The play is boring. 2. The loud singing was everywhere. 3. He showed the reforming force of collective. 4. When parking the car, he went into the hotel. 5. The grass needs cutting. 6. I’m tired of waiting for you. 7. He went along the street smiling happily. 8. The girl wearing the dress is my sister. 9. Do you mind my going there. 10.The knowing the subject is useful. 11. Being a stranger, he didn't know the way. 12. Dripping taps get on my nerves. 13. I insist on your having a rest. 14. He sat in an armchair smoking pipe.

Упражнение 13. Определите какой частью речи является -ing форма.

1. There has been a progressive weakening in our society of communal ideas of education. 2. And if the child were prevented from walking and talking, he could not develop normally. 3. Yet the crying of children is a problem in western countries. 4. We spend far more time speaking than writing or reading. 5. Each linguistic form has a constant and specific meaning. 6. We suppose that meanings are also different. 7. Project management software offers a number of advantages to business including the potential for significant savings by ensuring that projects are completed on time. 8. The mutually exclusive concept and various other rules for combining probabilities can be illustrated using this device. 9. And who is to be responsible for the teaching? 10. All these questions are considered from the viewpoint of the teaching profession. 11. The discipline affects moral understanding and behavior. 12. A human being is the most complicated piece of biological engineering in the world.

Упражнение 14. Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на перевод -ing форм.

Next, use the Internet. Knowing what other people make and where they make it will give you a leg-up in negotiations. Once you know where you are and where other people are in terms of compensation, then figure out what you want. It doesn't have to just be salary," Veasy says. "Go for the whole package. If the company has just had a shaky quarter, consider oilier items you can negotiate – incentive compensation, stock options, an extra vacation week, personal days or education benefits. Use them to offset a lower raise offer. Consider timing when making your pitch, You can bolster your case by making your move when internal factors are favorablel. If your company considers raises every January, then that's the time to make your pitch. If you are just coming off a big achievement, however, you can use it to reinforce your value to the company. A company that has just posted big profits may also be more receptive to your request. Knowing your boss's schedule is important. You may want to put together a memo saying you want to meet to discuss your accomplishments," King says. That way you don't risk catching your boss at a bad time, Understanding your boss's personality also doesn't hurt. A nice guy boss may not respond well to a gangbuster approach. But if a gangbuster approach is required, figure out what your boss values. Some bosses value loyalty, others are by-the-number. For others, how well you get along with them may be important," Veasy says.