Schuman S. - The IAF Handbook of Group Facilitation (2005)(en)

A

Abdullah, A., 263, 267, 269

Abelson, R., 396

Adams, J. W., 297

Adler, N., 256, 261

Agazarian, Y. M., 243, 249, 251

Alban, B. T., 338, 491, 492

Alexander, C., 382, 398, 418

Allen, S. D., 541

Andersen, N. A., 603

Anderson, J., 297

Archer, D., 539

Aretz, A., 216

Argyris, C., 23, 25, 29–30, 533

Arnold, K. J., 495

Arthur, W. B., 474

Asch, S., 250

Ashraf, N., 297

Atlee, T., 208

Attaran, M., 297

Attaran, S., 297

Axelrod, E., 230

Axelrod, R., 230

B

Bailey, A., 205, 528, 530, 534, 536, 539, 550, 557

Baker, L. L., 459

Bal, J., 296

Ballantine, R., 305, 309

Ballard, B., 275

Barnard, C., 1–3

Bartel, C. A., 107

Bates, M., 39

Bazerman, M. H., 353

Beach, L. R., 353, 431

Beasley, C., 271

Beavin, J. H., 136

Beckhard, R., 340

Bell, N., 7

Bendaly, L., 528, 530

Bender, T., 74

Benne, K., 137

Bennett, M., 258

Bennis, W. G., 453

Bens, I., 328

Bentley, T., 528, 532

Bergdall, T. D., 421, 430, 438, 441, 444

Berger, D., 123

Berk, R., 536, 538

Berne, E., 45

Berry, B., 106

Berry, P. C., 103

Bertalanffy, L., 243

Beyerlein, M., 295

Biderman, P. W., 453

Bion, W., 37, 46, 243

Birchmeier, Z., 104

Blainey, J., 264

Blanchard, K. H., 355, 534

Bleandonu, G., 37

Block, C. H., 103

Block, P., 63

Bohm, D., 208, 209, 271, 488

Bolen, T., 216

Boone, M. E., 450

Bostrom, R. P., 84, 525, 527, 532

Bouchard, T. J., 106

Boughton, N. W., 60–61

House, R. J., 357

Hovenlynck, J., 540

Hovland, C. I., 359

Hughes, C., 528, 537

Hughes-Rease, M., 335

Hunter, D., 205, 528, 530, 534, 536, 539, 545,

547, 550, 557

Huth, P., 358

I

Isaacs, W., 207, 208, 209

Ishikawa, S., 398

J

Jack, M., 297

Jackson, D. D., 137

Jacobs, R. W., 84

James, P., 531

James, S., 335

Jamieson, D. W., 530

Janis, I., 104, 178, 353, 354, 356, 357, 358, 359

Janoff, S., 84, 230, 241, 242

Jarboe, S., 149, 150

Jaworski, J., 207, 474

Jenkins, J. C., 415, 473, 484, 489

Jenkins, M. R., 413, 481, 484, 489

Jensen, M. A., 38

Jensen, A. D., 144, 149

Jensen, M. A., 278

John-Steiner, V., 103

Johnstone, K., 282

Jung, C. G., 36, 37

Justice, T., 530

K

Kaftarian, S. J., 426

Kahn, R. L., 38

Kaner, S., 115, 123

Kaplan, R. E., 22, 579, 580, 587

Kaplin, B., 212, 220

Karau, S. J., 104

Kartes, C., 87

Kashtan, M., 573

Katz, D., 38

Katzenbach, J. R., 315, 316

Keirsey, D., 39

Kelley, H. H., 359

Kelley, S., 161

Kelly, K., 385

Keltner, J., 495

Kemmis, S., 540

Keyton, J., 137

Khalsa, M., 368

Kimball, L., 225

Kincheloe, J. L., 541

King, M. L., Jr., 478

Kinney, S., 84

Kipling, R., 243

Kirby, G., 213

Kirk, J., 461

Kirk, P., 528, 536, 538

Kiser, A. G., 576, 578, 586

Knowles, M. S., 460

Kramer, T. J., 111, 113

Kretzmann, J., 430, 596

Kuchenmüller, R., 381, 386, 486

Kumar, K., 107

Kurtzberg, T. R., 107

L

Landau, J. H., 161

Larey, T. S., 107, 110

Larsen, K.R.T., 527

Lawrence, P. R., 243, 245

Lazarus, A., 431

Lefcourt, H. M., 601

LeMay, E. A., 295, 296

Leong, F. L., 185

Lerner, J. S., 104

Levin, M., 213

Lewin, K., 243

Lincoln, Y. S., 540, 541

Lind, L., 123

Lindberg, C., 228

Lippitt, R., 243

Lipsey, M. W., 422

Long, A., 431

Long, N., 431

Lorsch, J. W., 243, 245

Loup, R., 335

M

Maal, N., 160, 385

Madonik, B., 215

Maier, N.R.F., 178, 495

Mann, L., 104, 178, 353, 354, 358

Mannis, S. M., 111

Mao Ze Dong, 483

Marcum, D., 368

Margulies, N., 160, 385

Marrow, A. J., 243

Marsick, V. J., 526

Marston, W. M., 36–37

Martin, C. L., 530

Marvin, F., 553, 554

Maslow, A., 174, 176

Mathews, J. W., 483

May, R., 176

Maycunich, A., 60–61

Mayer, J. D., 34

Maznevski, M. L., 255, 261–262, 263, 264

McArthur, P., 30

McCartt, A. T., 452

McDonald, J. W., 208

McGill, I., 528, 531

McGrath, J. E., 453

McKnight, J., 430, 596

McLaren, P., 541

Meeker, L., 89, 100

Mehl-Madrona, L., 600

Mennecke, B. E., 106

Merton, R., 599

Meyer, M. W., 449

Meyer, N. D., 450

Meyers, R. A., 357

Michaelson, L. K., 107

Michalak, B., 89, 100

Miller, G. A., 160

Milliken, F. J., 107

Milter, R. J., 450

Miscisin, M., 40

Mohr, B. J., 487

Mongeau, P. A., 525

Morgan, G., 483, 486, 600

Morr, M. C., 525

Morris, L. L., 426

Mumford, A., 259

Munz, D. C., 113

Murphy, J., 478

Murray, H., 243

Musashi, M., 473

N

Nagda, B., 209, 220

Nakui, T., 103, 111, 112

Napolitano, C. S., 329

Nash, T., 548

Nathanson, L., 146, 147, 148, 149

Neely, A., 449

Nelson, J., 86, 461

Nemeth, C. J., 104

Nemeth-Brown, Z., 104

Newcomer, K. E., 422, 426

Niebuhr, H. R., 566, 567

Niederman, F., 525

Nierenberg, G., 215

Nijstad, B., 103

Nisbett, R., 354

Niziol, F., 315

Nurre, S., 7

O

Offner, A. K., 111

Ortega, A. H., 107, 110

Osborn, A. F., 105, 111

Owen, H., 233, 474, 479, 480, 481, 485,

556

Oxley, N. L., 111

P

Palmer, P., 216

Parry, L., 528, 530

Parschall, S., 385

Parsons, T., 450, 455

Patton, B., 327, 364, 367

Patton, M. Q., 423, 425, 427

Paulus, P. B., 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109,

110, 111, 112

Peck, M. S., 132

Peña, W., 385

Philbrook, L., 256

Philips, J. L., 106

Phnuyal, B., 539

Pierce, V., 461, 463, 526, 527, 530, 531, 536,

539, 547, 550

Pike, R. W., 71

Plewa, R. J., 449

Plsek, P., 228

Poister, T. H., 449

Polak, F., 431, 592

Poole, M. S., 137, 138, 358

Porter, R. E., 269

Powell, C. F., 430, 438, 441

Priest, S., 528, 534

Prince, G., 148, 150

Putman, V. L., 111, 112

Putnam, R., 30

Pyser, S. N., 205, 215

Q

Quinn, R. E., 450

R

Rangarajan, N., 455, 555

Ransdell, E., 486

Rao, P.U.B., 460

Rasmussen, D. M., 536

Reagan, P., 452

Rechner, P. L., 357

Rees, F., 576

Reese, R., 263, 264, 265

Reina, D., 90

Reina, M., 90

Reynolds, C., 228

Riley, M., 140

Ringer, M., 528, 535

Ritberger, C., 40

Ritter, D., 328, 331

Robinson, L., 427

Rodas-Meeker, M. B., 89

Roethlisberger, F. J., 115

Rogers, C., 37, 115, 174, 175, 528, 535

Rohrbaugh, J., 449, 450, 452, 455, 555

Roland, E. J., 109

Rosenberg, M., 14, 574

Rosenthal, R., 598–599

Ross, L., 354

Rossi, P. H., 422

Rotter, J. B., 601

Rottmann, D., 479

Rough, J., 478, 479, 485

Rounds, J., 492

Rowe, A., 258

Ruete, N., 478

Russo, J. E., 368

S

Saint-Exupéry, A., 415

Salazar, A., 138, 143

Salovey, P., 34

Samovar, L. A., 269

Sandberg, W. R., 357

Satir, V., 277

Saunders, H., 207, 208

Schank, R. C., 396

Scharmer, C. O., 474–475, 476

Schaude, G. R., 109, 271

Schein, E., 38, 49, 192, 476, 553, 593

Schlicksupp, H., 109, 271

Schliefer, L. F., 449

Schnelle, E., 271

Schoem, D., 207

Schoemaker, P.J.H., 368

Schön, D. A., 25, 30, 533, 534, 540

Schuman, S., 1, 171, 178, 215, 547, 548, 550, 603

Schwarz, R. M., 11, 21, 351, 461, 485, 487, 488,

528, 531, 533, 534, 547, 550, 552–553

Schweiger, D. M., 357

Scott, S., 213

Seibold, D., 137, 141, 143, 144, 147

Seiford, B., 335

Senge, P. M., 31, 70, 86, 182, 208, 211, 453, 474,

476, 483, 527, 570

Sharp, P. A., 530

Shaw, B., 94

Sheats, P., 137

Shephard, P., 263, 269

Shermer, M., 599

Sherwood, J. J., 110

Sibbet, D., 155, 162, 178, 385, 486

Sieberg, E., 141

Silber, T., 225

Silverstein, M., 398

Sjodin, T., 509

Skipper, B. L., 541

Smith, D. K., 315, 316

Smith, D. M., 30

Smith, S., 111, 368

Smithe, G., 315

Snyder, N., 296

Sorensen, P. F., Jr., 556, 603

Spencer, L. J., 61, 84, 479, 483, 556

Spolin, V., 286

Stacey, R. D., 227

Stahl, M. J., 526

Stanfield, R. B., 463, 479

Stasser, G., 104

Stern, G. J., 49

Stewart, A., 487

Stewart, G. L., 106

Stifel, M., 381, 486

Stratford, K., 161

Straus, D., 143, 144, 160, 191, 192, 296, 297, 556

Stroebe, W., 105

Stutman, R. K., 358

Sue, D., 182

Sue, D. W., 182

Sull, D. M., 228

Sunwolf, 137, 141, 143, 144, 147

Sutton, R. I., 103

Swain, V. M., 211

T

Tahar, M., 461

Taylor, B., 205, 528, 530, 534, 536, 539, 550,

557

Taylor, D. W., 103

Teo, P., 296

Tetlock, P. E., 104

Thomas, G. J., 525, 529

Thorpe, S., 545

Toldi, C., 123

Triandis, H. C., 185

Trist, E. L., 243

Trompenaars, F., 267

Trosten-Bloom, A., 212, 220

Troxel, J. P., 591, 597

Tuckman, B., 37–38, 46, 47–48, 132, 278, 315

Tuecke, P., 73

Tye, M., 431

U

Ulschak, F. L., 146, 147, 148, 149

Ury, W. L., 327, 364, 367

V

Van de Ven, A. H., 109, 146 Van Gundy, A., 109, 110 van Maurik, J., 534 Vennix, J., 477

Verghese, T., 256, 271 Vogelsong, L., 40 Volkema, R., 359, 525 Vroom, V. H., 201

W

Wagner-Johnson, D., 305, 309

Waldrop, M. M., 286

Wandersman, A., 426

Wardle, I., 282

Warren, K., 537

Watkins, J. M., 487

Watkins, K. E., 526

Watson, R., 84

Watson, W. E., 107

Watson, W. H., 359

Watzlawick, P., 136

Wayne, D., 35

Weaver, R. G., 477, 526, 528, 532

Webne-Behrman, H., 527, 576

Weinstein, K., 540

Weinstein, N., 225, 234

Weir, J., 243, 248

Weisbord, M., 84, 230, 241, 242

Weiss, P., 297

Welch, D. A., 367–368

White, B. J., 106

White, N., 556

White, S. A., 537, 576, 579, 589

White, T., 243

Whitmore, E., 424

Whitney, D., 212, 220, 556, 603

Whittaker, S., 297

Wholey, J. S., 422, 426

Wickman, F., 509

Wilkinson, M., 361, 378, 461

Williams, B., 386

Williams, D., 74, 75

Williams, K. D., 104

Williams, M. L., 109

Wilson, A. L., 537

Wilson, E. O., 225

Winter, J. P., 111

Winter, R., 540

Wong, P.T.P., 171, 174, 177, 178, 182, 184, 185

Wright, B. E., 452

Wydra, N., 74, 75

Y

Yaeger, T. F., 556, 603

Yang, H. C., 109, 110

Yankelovich, D., 208

Young, A., 385

Z

Zarefsky, D., 136

Zhu, L. S., 161

Zimmerman, B., 228

Zuniga, X., 209, 220

A

Abilene paradox, 492

Action: drawing, in visual facilitation, 394, 411–414; by facilitator in multiplestakeholder collaboration, 131–132; supporting, in graphic facilitation, 168

Adjourning stage, group development, 38, 48 Adventure training, as trust-building tech-

nique, 100

Affiliative constraints on communication, 356–357

Affirmative facilitation, 591–607; benefits of, 607; criticism of, 606–607; developments sharing approach of, 594–596, 598–600; distinctive character of, 602–604; empowerment of group members with, 596–598; evolution of, 592–594; freedom released with, 600–602; fundamental beliefs of, 592; techniques for adopting style of, 694–696; theoretical basis of, 592

After Action Reviews, 481, 490, 507 Agenda: caution on, 68; creating, 67; for

Start-Up meeting, 318, 319; for virtual meetings, 306

American Society for Training and Development (ASTD), 460

Amiable operating style, 16 Analytical operating style, 16

Appalachian Center for Economic Networks, 226

Appreciative Inquiry (AI), 99, 487, 556, 594–595 Asset-based community development, 430,

595–596

Assumptions, 563–571; about group members as contributors, 564–565; about what facilitators are, 569–571; about what facilitators do, 567–569; about what facilitators know, 565–567

Attitude surveys, trust measured in, 96 Audiences, 489–494; hierarchical vs. egalitar-

ian, 493–494; large vs. small, 490–492; monochromatic vs. polychromatic, 490; single party vs. multiple party, 492–493

Auditory thinking style, 15 Authenticity, and neutrality, 176 Autonomy, group, 554, 560

B

Baldrige National Quality Program Criteria for Program Excellence, 59, 61, 67

Basic facilitation, 24

Best practices, documentation of, 506

Big Picture approach, 8–20; building trust in, 12; communicating intentionally in, 15–16; evaluating satisfaction in, 19–20; interviewing effectively in, 10–11; listening empathetically in, 13–14; preparing in, 9–10; quality’s

role in, 14–15; recognizing potential challenges in, 18–19; thinking about clients in, 16–17; understanding client’s needs in, 17–18

Birth of the Chaordic Age (Hock), 603 Books, on facilitation, 499–500 Brainstorming. See Group brainstorming Brainwriting technique, 109

Building facilitation expertise. See Facilitator education; Professional development

C

CD-ROM, how to use, 1–2 Celebrations, 182, 569

Certification. See Professional certification Change: behavior, and images, 430–432; dia-

logue as agent of, 208–209; improvisation as bringing about, 291; and locus of control, 600–602; organizational reality model of, 474–477; small, big effects from, 229; social, facilitators as agents of, 570–571; systemic, of organizations, 192, 194; of thinking, 29–31; trust important for, 94. See also Participatory evaluation through stories of change

Chaos, edge of, 229 Chaos theory, 603–604 Chartering bodies, 316

Circles in the Air exercise, 238 Clapping exercise, 260–261 Client-centered approach, 37

Clients: Big Picture approach to relationship with, 7–20; evaluating satisfaction of, 19–20; gathering information about, 58–60; IAF Code of Ethics on, 552–553, 559; needs and expectations of, 17–18, 60–62, 92; thinking about, 16–17; trust between facilitators and, 12, 91–92

Closure on commitments, graphic facilitation, 167–168

Code of ethics. See International Association of Facilitators (IAF), Statement of Values and Code of Ethics for Group Facilitators

Cofacilitation: building expertise using, 508; of virtual meetings, 302, 304–305, 309; in visual facilitation, 391

Cognitive constraints on communication, 354–356

Cognitive stimulation, and group brainstorming, 108–110

Collaboration: mutual understanding necessary for, 117; virtual, 296–297. See also Multiple-stakeholder collaboration

Collaborative culture. See Collaborative environments

Collaborative environments, 195–203; characteristics of, 192–193; conditions for building, 193–194; five-pronged approach to building, 195–202; importance of, 203

Collective Inquiry Model of dialogue, 209, 211 Commitments, closure on, in graphic facilita-

tion, 167–168

Common information bias, as hindrance to group functioning, 104

Communication: functional theory of, in decision-making groups, 351–360; importance of, to group decision making, 136, 138, 151; intentional, in Big Picture approach, 15–16; message dimension of, 136–137; nonviolent (NVC), 573–574, 577, 583; and operating styles, 15–16; to show thinking about client, 17; and thinking styles, 15. See also Group communication

Community At Work, multiple-stakeholder collaboration case study from, 116–132 Community development, asset-based, 430,

595–596

Community Empowerment Program (CEP) (Ethiopia), 430, 435, 436–437, 440–443 Competencies: core, IAF’s definition of, 213,

461, 463–464, 468–471, 546–547; defined, 460; of facilitators using meaning-centered counseling (MCC) approach, 183–185; IAF’s model of, 527, 531. See also Professional certification; Skills

Competency-based training, 531

The Complete Facilitator (Heron), 533 Complexity, increase in, 2

Complexity science, 225–240; applied to meeting facilitation, 235–239; on characteristics of complex adaptive systems, 227–230; design principles from, for facilitating meetings, 230–234; general information on, 225–227; resources on, 239–240

Conference Model, 230 Conferences, professional, 498

Confidentiality, IAF Code of Ethics on, 556, 561 Conflict of interest: disclosure of, 91; IAF

Code of Ethics on, 554–555, 560 Conflict Research Consortium, 206, 219 Conflict resolution sessions, 366

Consensus building. See Consensus decision making

Consensus decision making, 361–380; approaches to, 367–368; converge technique for, 379; danger of groupthink to, 178; delineation technique for, 369–374; five-finger consensus technique for, 378–379; and IAF