[449] [450]

Charms, magic, explanation of, 356.

Church, essential to religion, 44 ff.

Chwinga, definition of, 119; eminently sacred character of, 120; due to totemic mark, 122 f. ; as religious force, 198 and n. 4. Civilizing heroes, 283 fi. ; common to whole tribe, 284 ; tribal rites personified, 285 ; moral role of, 285 ; connecting link between spirits and gods, 290 f.

Clan, characteristics of, 102 ; basis of simplest social system known, 96, 167 ; how recruited, 106 f. ; totem as name of, 102 f.; symbolized by totem, 206 ; implied by totemism, 167 ; basis for classification of natural things, 141 ff. Classes, logical, religious origin of, 148 ff. ; in higher religions, 144 ; based on social classifications, 141 fi. ; collective life basis of, 147 ff.,443.

Communion, alimentary, essential to sacrifice, 337 ; found in Australia, 334 ^f-. 337. 34° ; positive effects of, 337 f.

Concept, society's role in the genesis of, 432 ff. ; not equivalent to general idea, 432 ; distinguished from sensations, 433 ; immutability of, 433 ; universality of, 433 ; essentially social nature of, 435 ; coeval with humanity, 438 ; objective truth of, 437 ff.

Contagiousness of sacredness, 222 ; at basis of ascetic rites, 318 ff. ; not due to associations of ideas, 321, but to the externality of religious forces, 323 f.; at basis of logical classifications, 324 f.

Contradiction, idea of, religious nature of, 38 f. ; social nature of, 12 f. ; based on social life, 146 ; origin of, 234 ff.

Contraries, logical, nature of primitive, 235, 238 f.

Corrobbori, 215, n. 2,, 380.

Cosmology of totemism, 141 ff. ; in all religions, 9, 428 ff.

Colt, needed by gods, 345 ff. ; moral reasons for, 63, 346, 417 f. ; social interpretation of, 347 ff. ; real function of, 386 ; periodical nature of, 63; imitative rites first form of, 387 ; aesthetic nature of, 382.

Death, insufficiency of, to make a soul into a spirit, 60 f., 398. or give sacredness, 62.

Deity. See Gods, Spiritual Beings.

Dreams, as origin of idea of double or soul, 50 f., 58 f., 264; inadequacy of this theory, 56 f.; as suggesting posthumous life, 268.

Ecstasy, in religion, explained, 226 f.

Efficacy, idea of, social origin of, 363 f.

Emblem, totem as, of clan, 206, 219 ff. ; psychological need for, 220, 230 ; creates unity of group, 230 ; and maintains it, 231 ; incarnates collective sentiments, 232 ; why primitives chose theirs in animal or vegetable worlds, 233 f.

Empiricism, philosophical, 13 f., 368. Ertr.atulunga, 120, 247. Eschatology, Australian, 245, 287. Evil spirits, 281 ff., 420. Expiatory rites, 406 ff.

[451]

Faith, religious, nature of, 360 f., 430 f.

Family group, based on totemism, 106 n. 2.

Fear, religion not based on, 223 ff., 406.

Fetishism, 175.

Folk-lore, how related to religion, 41, 83 n. I ; related to totemism, 90.

Force, religious, ambiguity of, 222 ; why outside object in which it resides, 229 ; as collective force, 221, 229 ; takes form from society, 336 ; represents how collective consciousness acts on individuals, 223 ; idea of, precedes that of scientific force, 203 f., 363 ; collective force as prototype of physical force, 365. See Sacred, Totemic Principle.

Formalism, religious, explanation of, 35 ; first form of legal, 35 f.

Free-will, doctrine of, how explained, 271 f.

Games, born in religion, 381 and n. i.

Gods, religions without, 30 ff. ; in Australia, 285 ff. ; immortal, 286 ; creators, 287 ; benefactors, 287 ; connected with initiation rites. 288; international character of, 288, 294 f., 425 ff.; of indigenous origin, 289 f. ; developed form of civilizing heroes, 290 f., 295; closely connected with totemic system, 191, 291 f. ; first conceived in tribal assemblies, 293 ; expressions of tribal unity, 294, 426.

Hair, human, sacredness of, 64, 137 f. Hazing, sociologies! import of, 313 n. 4.

Ideal, the, in religion, 420 ff. ; formation of, a natural and necessary product of collective life, 422.

Idealism, essential, of social and religious worlds, 228, 345, 347.

Imitative Rites, 351 ff. ; in Australia, 351 ff. ; based on so-called sympa­thetic magic, 355 if. ; distinguished from charms, 356 ; reasons for, 357 ff. ; material efficacy attributed to, 359 ; explained by moral efficacy of, 359 f.; first expression of law of causality, 363 ; original form of cult, 387.

Immortality of soul, idea of, not established for moral purposes, 267; nor to escape annihilation, 267 ; influence of dreams, 268 ; but this not enough to account for doctrine, 268 ; doctrine of, invented to explain origin of souls, 268 f., and expresses the immortality of society, 268 f. ; moral value of, an after-thought, 269 ; doctrine of future judgment in Australia, 245, 287; influence of mourning upon, 402 f.

Individual totem, 157 ff. ; relations of. to individual, 158 f. ; his alter ego, 159 ; individual, not a species, 160 ; how related to collective totem, 161 ; how acquired, 161 ff.; how related to genius, 279 ; origin of, 280 f., 281 n. i See Totemism, Individual.

Individualism, religious, 157 ff., 172 ff., 179 f. ; importance attributed to, by some, 45 ff., 172 ; how explained, 424 f.

Infinite, conception of, in religion, 74 ; not equivalent to sacred, 85 ; the, not characteristic of religion, 25.

[452]

Initiation into tribe by religious ceremonies, 39, 384 ; no special rites for, 385 n. 2. Interdictions, or taboos, various sorts of, 300 fi. ; forms of, in Australia, 302 и.; of touch, 302 ; of eating, 303 ; of seeing, 304 ; of speech, 305 ; sexual, 304 and n. i ; of all temporal activity on certain days, 306 f., 334 ; ideas at the basis of, 308 ; positive eSects of, 309 ff. ; implied in notion of sacredness, 317. Intichiuma, 326 ff. ; description of among the Australians, 327-336 ; as elementary form of sacrifice, 336 ; materia efficacy expected of, 331, 333 ; alimentary communion in, 334 f., 337 ; imitative elements in, 353 ; commemorative nature of, 371 f. ; used for initiating young men into tribe, 385 and n. i.

Knowledge, theory of. See A priorism, Empiricism, Sociological.