1. Позднякова л.Р. Устные темы по английскому языку – Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс», 2006

2. Л. Игнатьева – Каллэхэм. Русско-английский политехнический словарь – М: Уайли, 2007

3. Англо-русский словарь (любого года издания). Под ред. В.К. Мюллера.

Приложение

(ТЕКСТЫ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ и ПЕРЕВОДА)

Text 1 Types of Buildings

Types of buildings depend upon social functions and may be classified according to the role in the community. The types of buildings may be domestic, educational, office, industrial, recreational, etc. The common and necessary conditions are: its suitability to use by human beings in general and its adaptability to particular human activities; the stability and permanence of its construction.

Speaking of residential construction we must say that the apartment houses are mostly built to suit urban conditions. Group housing provides home for many families and is at once public and private. The techniques of construction or the methods by which structures are formed from particular materials are influenced not only by the availability and character of materials but also by the total technological development of society.

The evolution of techniques is conditioned by two factors: one is economic—the search for a maximum of stability and durability in building with a minimum of materials, labour and time: the other is expressive—the desire to produce meaningful form.

Large housing programs have tended to stimulate technological change in the building industry. Modular design has led to standardization of elements, interchangeability of parts and increased possibilities for mass production, with resultant economies. Entire apartment assemblages are available and are being used to an increasing extent. These techniques aim at a higher output of better structures at lower cost.

The high degree of mechanization and standardization is successfully achieved by reinforced concrete blocks and units. Reinforced concrete homes are produced by a variety of construction methods. Various methods of constructing reinforced concrete houses involve extensive use of large sections manufactured in heavily mechanized factories and erected at the site.

Text 2 The Community and Architecture

The forms to be taken by communities must be decided before they are constructed. Someone must plan where streets are to run, parks are to be laid out, and industrial facilities are to be furnished. Someone must plan new housing and new public buildings, parks, and playgrounds. Surely architects are necessary for these. And yet, community planning can never be the work of a single individual or class of individuals. Good community plans need the contribution of experts in many fields. Modern city planning has become so complex, so controlled by financial interests that too often community plans appear that are lifeless and mechanical. In this field it is the architect's task to redress the balance, to realize that cities exist for people (not people for cities), that business and industry and science should serve the people and not enslave them.

During the last century hundreds of cities grew up throughout the world, and thousands of country towns expanded into great industrial or commercial centres. In the sense that all the buildings in Chicago or Los Angles were constructed in recent times, they are modern communities. But in these new cities one searches in vain for any common principle of design that would distinguish them from earlier towns.

If, however, one examines the contemporary city more closely, one comes upon forms that had no counterpart in any earlier civilization. The country villa and the suburb are time-honoured forms; but only with the development of rapid transportation, however, did it become possible to disperse the population of a great centre over an area at least ten times as great as the biggest cities of the past.

The skyscraper has permitted the assembling of business offices and light industry in concentrated hives, served by vertical transportation; but the erection of such buildings on streets designed for four-storied buildings and horsedrawn transportation has everywhere produced chaos.