Ученик по английскому

Grammar Reference

Compare:

Inform the other students.

Inform the others.

Can you show me some other books?

Can you show me some others?

Ex. 1. Fill in the blanks with other, another, the other.

1.I don’t like this bag. Give me _____ one.

2.Would you like _____ cup of coffee?

3.There are two pencils on the table. One is red, and _____ is green.

4._____ question we have discussed is the export of textile.

5.Three people were at the bus stop. Two people were standing quietly and _____ one was nervously walking up and down.

6.We have only two problems. One concerns traffic. _____ problem is connected with water pollution.

7.If you don’t like this book I can offer you _____ one.

8.I don’t need this thing, I need _____ things which you have just brought in.

9.I think this little girl should play more with _____ children, but she is always by herself.

10.If you haven’t found what you are looking for on this shelf look on

____ shelves.

11.Both trips are interesting, but one is cheaper, _____ is more expensive.

12.This doesn’t suit me. Have you got any_____ colours?

Ex. 2. Insert other or others.

1.I see Tom and Mary. Where are the _____?

2.One child was sleeping in the bedroom, the _____ children were playing in the garden.

3.There are two students from Japan in this group. The _____ are from China.

4.Though this car is very comfortable, the _____ ones are more reasonably priced.

5.This restaurant isn’t good. The _____ are even worse.

6.I’ll phone all the _____ if you phone Kate and Ann.

Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Дайте мне другую ручку, пожалуйста, эта не пишет.

2.Я сделаю вам еще чашку чаю, если хотите.

3.Мне не нужны эти книги, мне нужны другие.

4.У него два сына. Одному десять лет, другому – пять.

5.В нашей группе десять студентов: шесть из Москвы, четыре – из других городов.

6.Сегодня мы смотрели четыре машины. Первые две были очень дорогие, а другие две были дешевле.

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7.Покажите мне другой костюм, этот слишком большой.

8.В этом словаре нет страниц десять и одиннадцать. Дайте мне другой, пожалуйста.

35. Noun + Noun

We can put nouns together in three ways:

1.noun + noun E.g. a bus driver, a film actor

2.possessive’s structure E.g. my friend’s book, my parents’ room

3.preposition structure E.g. the end of the street

I.

When we put one (or more) nouns in front of another it is like an adjective, it is usually in the singular and such structures are used for wellknown everyday combinations.

Compare: a war film – a film about cats (not a cat film)

Ex. 1. Match the expressions on the left with their meanings on the right.

Ex. 3 Five of these ideas can naturally be expressed by “noun + noun”. Which are they?

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II.

Ann’s flat = the flat of Ann

We write ’s after nouns in singular

E.g. my friend’s house

We write ’ after nouns in plural

E.g. my friends’ house

We use the possessive (’s) structure when the first noun is the name of a person, group of people, animal, organization, country.

E.g. my mother’s name (the name of my mother) the firm’s structure (the structure of the firm) England’s policy (the policy of England)

the dog’s leg (the leg of the dog)

We can also use –’s with time words E.g. tomorrow’s meeting

this evening’s debate

In other cases we generally prefer a structure with of.

E.g. the discussion of the project.

Ex. 4 Combine nouns using –’s or where possible – of.

10.the table / the leg

Ex. 5. Make two noun groups from each set of words. E.g. rules: club / football

The club’s rules, the rules of football.

1.arm: Mike, the armchair

2.ideas: my father, modern chemistry

3.results: match / my daughter

4.story: colonization / Robert

5.style: our time / the author

6.head: the dog / office

7.generation: the 1930s / computers

8.success: my friend / project

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Ex. 6. Translate these noun groups into English. Use preposition structure only if “noun + noun” or “possessive” structure are impossible.

36. So and Such

These words are emotional and stress the meaning of the adjective (or adverb).

So is used only with an adjective or an adverb. Such is used with a noun and an adjective + noun. E.g. It was such a beautiful day!

The day was so beautiful! He is such a fast runner! He can run so fast!

Remember: We always use “a” after such if the noun is countable, in the singular form.

We never use “a” with uncountable nouns. E.g. It was such a cold day!

It was such cold weather!

Remember: we say: “so long” but “such a long time”.

E.g. I haven’t seen you so long! or I haven’t seen you for such a long time!

We say: “so much”, “so many” but “such a lot of”. E.g. There is so much wine on the table!

There is such a lot of wine on the table!

Ex. 1. Use such, such a or so in the following sentences.

1.We had ___ fun at the party!

2.How could you be ____ mean?

3.The car was ___ expensive!

4.He was ____ good tennis-player!

5.I wouldn’t make ___ quick decision.

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6.The building was ______ old, it seemed it was going to fall!

7.Your advice was _______ useful to me!

8.It is _____ important news!

9.The information was _____ unusual!

10.I feel _____ tired, I can hardly move!

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences, choosing the right answer.

1. The day was _____ cold, that we didn’t go out.

3. He had _____ long hair that we thought he was a hippie. a) such b) such a c) so

4. You work _______ much, you need a good rest! a) so b) such c) such a

5. Who has brought _______ wonderful news?

7. They ran _______ fast, one could think a monster was after them.

10. She is ________ sensible woman. She always gets things right. a) so b) such a c) such

Ex. 3. Translate the sentences into English.

1.Вы так хорошо водите машину!

2.Кто это так шумит?

3.Погода была такая замечательная, что мы решили поехать на пикник.

4.Он так устал, что не может сейчас ни с кем разговаривать.

5.Это такие чудесные цветы! Где вы их купили?

6.Я не могу сидеть в такой душной комнате!

7.Вы говорите так тихо, что я ничего не слышу!

8.Она всегда дает такие полезные советы!

9.Мы провели такой чудесный уик-энд в горах!

10.Он выглядел таким несчастным после экзамена.

11.Это такие ужасные новости, я не знаю, как ей сказать об этом.

12.Он такой талантливый программист, он знает так много о компьютерах!

13.Я так люблю вас!

14.Он знает такое множество интересных историй!

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15.Я так давно не видел своего двоюродного брата!

16.Она так долго ждет вас!

37. Enough and Too

Enough means you don’t need any more.

E.g. I have enough money to buy this book. It costs 100 roubles and I have 100 roubles.

The train leaves in 30 minutes. We have enough time to drink a can of Cola. (It won’t take us more than 30 minutes to drink a can of Cola)

Enough is used before nouns but after adjectives or adverbs.

Compare:

E.g. She has enough experience of management. She is experienced enough.

He has enough money to buy the Tower of London. He is rich enough to buy the Tower of London.

Too means there is more than enough.

E.g. He is too old to work. He is 70 years old.

This car is too expensive for a teacher to buy. It costs $65000. There is too much snow in the streets. I’d rather stay at home.

We use too + an adjective for smb (smth) or too + an adjective + to do smth.

E.g. The house is too expensive for me to buy. She is too young to have a family.

Ex. 1. Make one sentence from two.

E.g. This suit is very expensive. I can’t buy it.

This suit is too expensive for me to buy.

1.The programme is very dull. I won’t watch it.

2.The situation was complicated. He couldn’t sort it out.

3.That armchair was uncomfortable. She didn’t want to sit in it.

4.Your button was very small. We didn’t manage to find it.

5.You are very young. You can’t get married yet.

6.The curry was spicy. Bob couldn’t eat it.

7.Mathematics is very difficult. I can’t learn it.

8.The lake was dirty. One couldn’t swim in it.

9.The wardrobe is big. We won’t be able to move it.

Ex. 2. Complete the sentences using enough in the proper place.

1.There is time to complete the work.

2.She’s cooked food to feed an army!

3.I’m afraid I’m not good at working on a computer.

4.We hear she’s talented to win the grant.

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5.It’s cold to wear a fur coat today.

6.She didn’t have time to explain how it works in detail.

7.I would like to go to Japan but I simply don’t have money.

8.He was not qualified for the position.

9.The coffee isn’t hot, I’m not going to drink it.

10.There aren’t chairs in this room, could you bring 5 more.

11.She’s better now, but not strong to come back to work.

12.The country has resources, but its economy isn’t efficient.

Ex. 3. Use too or enough.

1.She is … young to understand life.

2.I’ve got … time to have a cup of tea with you.

3.I was wise … to keep silent when he was talking.

4.Our market share isn’t big … to give serious profits.

5.The bag was … heavy for Jane to carry and she called the porter.

6.That’s … much! Who do you think you are?!

7.I’ve had … of that stupid advertising!

8.She translated well … for a beginner.

9.You’ve called … soon, we haven’t drawn up a draft contract yet.

10.There’s … food for a hundred, help yourself!

11.We’ve wasted … much time discussing unnecessary details!

12.Jerry can’t come to the party. –… bad, I wanted so much to see

him!

Ex. 4. Translate the sentences into English.

1.У нас хватит времени, чтобы обсудить этот вопрос.

2.Погода достаточно теплая для пикника.

3.Он слишком мал, чтобы водить машину.

4.Это задание слишком трудное для меня.

5.У меня хватит денег, я могу купить этот диван.

6.Вы слишком много волнуетесь, все будет хорошо.

7.Комната достаточно большая, чтобы в ней танцевать.

8.У нас недостаточно фруктов, купите еще.

9.Билеты были слишком дорогие, мы не смогли их купить.

10.Он недостаточно хорошо знает английский, чтобы сделать этот перевод.

38. Relative Сlauses

Relative clauses are used to say which person or thing we are talking about.

In a relative clause when we are talking about people we normally use who.

E.g. I know a man. He knows Arabic and Japanese.

I know a man who knows Arabic and Japanese.

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Whom is possible (but not as common) instead of who (for people) when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause.

E.g. The woman whom I wanted to see was absent. We use that and which to refer to things.

E.g. He sent me a present. It was very nice.

He sent me a present that / which was very nice.

We normally use that, not which, after: all, everything, something, anything, nothing, the only, superlatives.

E.g. The only thing that he mentioned was his meeting with Joan. It is the worst mistake that I have ever made.

When who or that (or which) is the object of a relative clause it can be left out.

E.g. Did you find the book (that) you were looking for? Who was the woman (who) you were talking to?

We can’t leave out who / that if it’s the subject of the clause. E.g. This is Jones who works in an advertising agency.

This is the vase which costs 3 hundred pounds.

If there are prepositions in relative clauses, they typically come after the verb at the end of the clause.

E.g. Would you say a few words about the plan which they succeeded in? I don’t think she is a person you can rely on.

In a more formal written style prepositions can come before pronouns.

E.g. There was a river in which we could swim. I didn’t know the boy to whom she was talking.

Relative clauses can also be introduced by – whose/where/when/why: When – after words for time,

Where – after words for place, Why means the reason why,

Whose is used instead of his, her, their.

E.g. Tell me when you are planning to come back (= … the day on which …)

The place where they stayed was excellent (= … at which…)

This is a story of a group of boys whose plane crashed on an uninhabited island. (=This is a story of a group of boys. Their plane crashed on an uninhabited island.)

I haven’t got the slightest idea why they are crying. (= of the reason why …)

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Which can refer to the whole of the sentence before. E.g. She was late, which surprised everybody.

– What surprised everybody? -The fact that she was late. He lost, which was impossible. -What was impossible?

-The fact that he lost the game.

What is used in relative clauses to mean “the thing that”. E.g. Do you know what is worrying her?

=Do you know the thing that is worrying her? I didn’t hear what they were talking about.

=I didn’t hear the thing that they were talking about.

Ex. 1. Insert who / which (that).

1.What is the name of the man … climbed this mountain?

2.The matter was reported to the Police chief … ordered us all to be arrested.

3.We lit a fire … soon dried out our clothes.

4.I have a friend … hates answering the phone and very often just lets it ring.

5.He introduced me to his mother … was a very good-looking woman.

6.John asked me why the report … should have been on his desk at 5 o’clock still hadn’t arrived.

7.I went to London … I had always wanted to visit.

8.I have some letters … I must answer.

9.We are all going to watch the cricket match … starts at nine.

10.They were talking about Margaret … knew everything about the

matter.

Ex. 2. Join the sentences with who or which and translate into Russian. Beginnings

1.I met a man.

2.I have some telegrams.

3.Here are some accounts.

4.I met Jim.

5.He paid me for cleaning ten windows.

6.I was waiting for a man.

7.I found an old coin in the garden yesterday.

8.I am looking after some children.

9.We walked 50 miles to see the minister.

Ends

a.I must send them.

b.Most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.

c.He can speak 8 foreign languages.

d.You must check them.

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e.They are terribly spoilt.

f.He asked me to give it to you.

g.He was very polite and promised to do what he could.

h.He didn’t turn up.

i.I am going to take it to the museum this afternoon.

Ex. 3. Join the beginnings and the ends.

Ex. 4. Insert who/ that/ which where necessary.

1.She does everything … her husband wants her to do.

2.I can’t help you. All … I have got is 20 dollars.

3.This is Mrs. White … runs this department store.

4.Why do you always agree with everything … I tell you?

5.Where is the purse … was on the table?

6.That is the oldest building … I have seen in my native town.

7.I have a friend … is hopeless at Mathematics.

8.I don’t like people … are always pessimistic.

9.I will never forget the first play … I saw in the theatre.

10.She always asks me questions … are difficult to answer.

Ex. 5. Rewrite the sentences in which the relative pronoun is the object without – who/ which/ that where possible.

1.Broadway Autos is a subsidiary of Broadway International Inc. which manufactures and markets two types of electric machines.

2.I have lost that nice necklace which my brother gave me as a birthday present two years ago.

3.We have built up a good relationship with our suppliers who have been working with us for many years.

4.It was the first time that I ever heard him speak of John.

5.It was a pleasant feeling which I had never experienced before.

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