PAST INDEFINITE

1. – факт прошлого - yesterday / yesterday morning

• the day before yesterday

• last month / year etc. / last night

• ….ago

• the other day

• When …?

• Just now

• As lately as last Sunday

1. ряд последовательно совершающихся действий в прошлом

I woke up, then I got up, brushed my teeth, washed my face and had breakfast.

2. выражение обычного, повторяющегося действия в прошлом

She always walked with her son in the evening when he was a baby.

PAST CONTINUOUS

1. точное указание времени в прошлом

I was playing football at 5 o’clock in the afternoon yesterday.

2. есть другой глагол, обычно совершенного вида – обозначает действие, которое происходило в тот момент времени в прошлом

When my mother came I was washing the dishes.

3. в прошлом происходило два или более одновременных действий, оба несовершенного вида и длящиеся

When I was cleaning the flat my sister was doing absolutely nothing.

4. слова-сигналы - all day (night) long

• all the time

• the whole evening / hour

• from 5 to 6 (…yesterday morning)

PRESENT PERFECT

Употребляется для выражения действия или явления, имевшего место до момента речи и каким-либо образом связанным с моментом речи, имеющим для него актуальное значение. Действие закончено, но в настоящий момент важен результат – то есть перенос действия из прошедшего в настоящее (прим – результат может быть положительным, отрицательным или нулевым)

1. точное время не указывается

Have you ever been there?

I have made the cake.

2. слова-сигналы - ever / never

• often

• already

• how long (в вопросах)

• yet ( in negative and in questions)

• just

• lately

• since / - for

• so far

• for the last few days

3. со словами, обозначающими еще не истекшие периоды времени

• today / this morning / this week / month

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Действие продолжалось определенный период времени в прошлом и не закончилось к настоящему моменту. Предлог-сигнал for

I have been doing my homework for 2 hours and haven’t finished it yet.

SIMPLE / INDEFINITE - ДЕЙСТВИЕ КАК ФАКТ – TO DO

Always

Often

Usually

Normally

Regularly

Sometimes

Seldom

Rarely

Never

At 5 o’clock

In winter

In the evening

On week days / at weekends

In 1985

Just now, the other day - всегда Past Indefinite

CONTINUOUS / PROGRESSIVE - ДЕЙСТВИЕ КАК ПРОЦЕСС – TO BE DOING

Now

Still

At that / this time

At 5 o’clock

When smb came

From 3 to 5

While

The whole evening

PERFECT - ДЕЙСТВИЕ ЗАВЕРШЕНО, ВАЖЕН РЕЗУЛЬТАТ И ИТОГ

Ever TO HAVE DONE

Never

Already

Just

So far

yet

by 5 o’clock

by now (Present)

by that time (Past, Future)

when smb came / comes

for

since

lately

recently

often / today / this morning - по контексту и смыслу

PERFECT CONTINUOUS - ПРОДОЛЖАЛОСЬ , НО НЕ ЗАКОНЧИЛОСЬ ИЛИ ЗАКОНЧИЛОСЬ ТОЛЬКО ЧТО - ВАЖЕН САМ ПРОЦЕСС

For TO HAVE BEEN DOING

Since

Глаголы, не используемые в продолженных временах

• to dislike, to hate, to like, to love, to prefer, to want, to wish;

• to astonish, to impress, to please, to satisfy, to surprise;

• to believe, to doubt, to feel (=have an opinion), to guess, to imagine, to know, to mean, to realize, to recognize, to remember, to suppose, to think (=have an opinion), to understand;

• to hear, to see, to measure (=have length, etc.), to taste (=have a flavour), to smell (=give out a smell), to sound, to weigh (=have weight);

• to belong to, to concern, to consist of, to contain, to depend on, to deserve, to fit, to include, to involve, to lack, to matter, to need, to owe, to own, to possess;

• to appear, to resemble, to seem.

• To have (=to own)

NOTE! I’m seeing her at 5. (=I’m meeting)

We are having a wonderful time.

What are you thinking about?

How are you feeling today? (see below #6)

ОБРАТИТЬ ВНИМАНИЕ

НА ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. Употребление для обозначения действия в длительный период времени

He’s writing a new novel.

2. We talk about things happening in a period round now(temporary situation)

You are working hard today. You have a lot to do.

I’m living at Tom’s until I find a flat.

3. Changes or situation happening around now

The population of the world is rising very fast. The prices are rising.

Is Susan working this week?

4. События запланированы на ближайшее будущее.

Granny is coming.

Пугачева is singing today at 7 p.m. on TV.

5. Irritation

You are always losing things!

Susan’s always complaining!

6. Unusual situations or behaviour

He’s being so selfish today.

The child is being so naughty.

7. Look and feel

You look well today = You are looking well today

How do you feel? = How are you feeling?

SEQUENSE OF TENSES. INDIRECT / REPORTED SPEECH

Сдвиг времен в придаточном дополнительном

при главном предложении в прошедшем времени

Present Indefinite Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Indefinite Future / все времена/

Past Indefinite Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Future-in-the-Past

Одновременное действие Предшествующее действие Последующее действие

Изменения в придаточном предложении при косвенной речи

Today tonight Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow … ago this these here last… next… in / some time / now

That day That night The day before Two days before The next day In two day’s time / two days later …before that those there the …before the following … /some time/ later then /right away

Местоимения в придаточном предложении меняются по смыслу. Это же относится и к подлежащему придаточного. Наречия будущего времени зависят от того, когда передается косвенная речь

He said that He told me that См. разработку на стр.58 Commands: He told me to do / not to do Questions: Direct word order Yes/no questions are reported with If or whether

Исключения из правил изменений в косвенной речи

1. Если указано время совершения действия

He told me yesterday that Pushkin was born in 1799.

2. Если речь идет об общеизвестном факте, а также если ситуация на момент передачи в косвенной речи не изменилась

This guy on TV said that dinosaurs were around for 250 million years.

Even many centuries ago people knew that the Earth is / was round.

3. Если высказывание передается в косвенной речи в тот же временной промежуток

“How old are you?” - “What?” – “I asked how old you are.”

But: we do not keep the original speaker’s tenses if we do not agree with what he/she said, or if we want to show that the ideas do not come from us

Did you hear that? She said she was seventeen! But she is in her late 20s!

4. Past Perfect is not changed. Had better, would / rather, like etc./ , could, should, ought, might, must. But: can – could, may – might