- •Nanotechnology
- •Оглавление
- •Предисловие
- •Entry test
- •III. Choose the correct translation of the underlined words:
- •IV. Do you know the meaning of the given words? If not, find the explanation of these notions.
- •V. Make up sentences paying attention to the meaning of the word in ex.II:
- •VI. A) Choose the passive or active form in brackets Decide what form in brackets is a correct one
- •VII. Find synonyms and antonyms among these words:
- •XV. Put the sentences in the right order according to the information in the text:
- •Unit 2
- •I. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Choose the correct form to fill in the gap
- •III. Translate the chain of words
- •IV. Choose the correct variant of the verb form
- •V. Fill in the gaps with the words below
- •VI. Translate into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject
- •VII. Choose the right form
- •VIII. Match synonyms and translate them into Russian
- •III. Translate the chain of words
- •IV. Make up the word combinations
- •V. Put the words in the right order
- •VI. Give the definitions to the following words
- •VII. What does the underlined word mean in this context?
- •VIII. Answer the following questions
- •IX. Translate into Russian paying attention to Complex Subject
- •X. Find the synonym to the words in brackets:
- •Unit 4
- •I. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:
- •II. What does the underlined word mean in this context?
- •III. Fill in the gaps using the given words.
- •RepRap: Machines building machine parts
- •IV. Choose the words from the table (ex. I) to complete the sentences.
- •Unit 5
- •I. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Find different meanings of these words:
- •III. Choose the correct translation of the underlined words:
- •IV. Do you know the meaning of the given words? If not, find the explanation of these notions
- •V. Fill in the gaps using the given words.
- •VI. Make up the word combinations
- •VII. Translate the following sentences paying attention to participle and gerund and state their forms.
- •VIII. Put the words in the right order to make up sentences.
- •Dual-Use Technology
- •VII. Use the correct word to complete the sentences.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions.
- •IX. Translate the following sentences using Complex Subject.
- •X. Find out what part of speech is used in these sentences (Participle or Gerund)
- •Unit 7
- •V. Do you know the meaning of the given words? If not, find the explanation of these notions.
- •VI. A) Fill in the gaps using the given words. How does 'mechanochemistry' work?
- •VIII. Choose the right form: Participle I or Participle II.
- •VI. Fill in the gaps using the correct word form from ex.VIII.
- •VII. Make up sentences.
- •Unit 9
- •I. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:.
- •What about "grey goo"?
- •Unit 10
- •I. Match English words with their Russian equivalents:
- •II. Fill in the gaps using the given words:
- •VII. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Gerund.
- •VIII. Translate into Russian paying attention to the Participles.
- •Richard Phillips Feynman
- •K. Eric Drexler
- •Alex zettl
- •Significant Research Results
- •Richard smalley, buckminsterfullerene (the buckyball), and nanotubes
- •Robert f. Curl
- •Deoxyribonucleic acid (dna)
- •Ribosome
- •Exposure, risk, and health effects
- •Грамматический справочник passive voice
- •Модальные глаголы (modal verbs)
- •Значение модальных глаголов
- •The participle причастие
- •Формы причастия
- •Причастие настоящего времени (The Present Participle, Participle I)
- •Причастие прошедшего времени (The Past Participle, Participle II)
- •Перфектное причастие (The Perfect Participle)
- •Функции причастий в предложении
- •7. Перфектное причастие употребляется в предложении в функции обстоятельств:
- •Герундий (the gerund)
- •Формы герундия
- •Герундий
- •Причастие
- •Инфинитив the infinitive
- •Функции инфинитива
- •Сложное дополнение
- •The complex object
- •Объектный инфинитивный оборот употребляется:
- •Сложное подлежащее the complex subject
- •Случаи употребления оборота
- •Англо-русский словарь
- •Список литературы
Exposure, risk, and health effects
The main exposure to UFPs is through inhalation. Due to their size, UFPs are considered to be respirable particles. Contrary to the behaviour of inhaled PM10 and PM2.5, ultrafine particles are deposited in the lungs, where they have the ability to penetrate tissue and undergo interstitialization, or to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream — and therefore are not easily removed from the body and may have immediate effect. Exposure to UFPs, even if components are not very toxic, may cause oxidative stress, inflammatory mediator release, and could induce lung disease and other systemic effects.
There is a range of potential human exposures that include occupational, due to the direct manufacturing process or a byproduct from an industrial or office environment, as well as incidental,from contaminated outdoor air and other byproduct emissions. In order to quantify exposure and risk, both in vivo and in vitro studies of various UFP species are currently being done using a variety of animal models including mouse, rat, and fish.These studies aim to establish toxicological profiles necessary for risk assessment, risk management, and potential regulation and legislation.
Грамматический справочник passive voice
The Passive Voice образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени, лице и числе и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола Participle II:
The Passive Voice: to be + Participle II
John is helped by Mary. — Джону помогает Мэри.
John was helped by Mary. — Джону помогла Мэри.
John will be helped by Mary. — Джону поможет Мэри.
John is being helped by Mary. — Джону (сейчас) помогает Мэри.
John was being helped by Mary. — Джону помогала Мэри.
John has been helped by Mary. — Джону помогла Мэри.
John had been helped by Mary before Mother came. — Джону помогла Мэри до прихода мамы.
John will have been helped by Mary. — Джону поможет Мэри.
Отрицательная и вопросительная формы образуются по тем же правилам, что и формы действительного залога:
• в отрицательной форме частица not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:
John isn't helped by Mary. — Джону Мэри не помогает.
При сложной форме вспомогательного глагола частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола:
John hasn't been helped by Mary. — Джону Мэри не помогла.
• в вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол (в сложной форме первый по счету) обычно ставится перед подлежащим:
Is John helped by Mary? — Джону Мэри помогает?
Has John been helped by Mary? — Джону Мэри помогла?
Сказуемому в действительном залоге, выраженному сочетанием одного из модальных глаголов can (could), may (might), should, ought и т.д. с инфинитивом действительного залога, в страдательном залоге соответствует сочетание того же модального глагола с инфинитивом страдательного залога:
We must finish our work as soon as possible. — Мы должны закончить работу как можно скорее.
Our work must be finished as soon as possible. — Наша работа должна быть закончена как можно скорее.
You ought to translate this article at once. — Тебе следует перевести эту статью сразу же.
This article ought to be translated at once. — Эту статью следует переведести сразу же.
Если в страдательной конструкции указывается исполнитель действия, выраженный одушевленным существительным или местоимением, ему предшествует предлог by:
The book was written by O.Wilde. — Книга была написана О.Уайльдом.
Если в конструкции указывается объект или материал, при помощи которого совершено действие, употребляется предлог with:
The room was filled with smoke. — Комната была полна дыма.
The finger was cut with a knife. — Палец порезали ножом.
В английском языке есть глаголы, употребление которых в пассиве чаще всего невозможно без by-phrase, т.е. фразы, указывающей на деятеля производимого действия: to follow, to overtake, to seize, to visit, to govern, to characterize, to attract, to control, to rule, to influence, to confront, to attend, to accompany, to join, to cause, to bring about, to mark и т.д.:
He is followed by the police. — Его преследует полиция.