The Complete Guide To The TOEFL Test
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336 Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension
13.Yasuo Kuniyashi was born in Japan in 1883 and studied art at the Los Angeles School ofArt and Design. He also studied art in New York City, where he gave his fIrst one-man show. In 1925 he
moved from there to Paris where he was influenced by the works of Chagall and other artists. __ (A) Japan
Paris __ (C) Los Angeles
__ (D) New York City
14.In the past, biologists considered mushrooms and other fungi as a type of non-green plant. Today, however, they are most commonly regarded as a separate kingdom of living things.
___ (A) mushrooms and other fungi
___ (B) biologists
__ (C) plants
15.William Dean Howells, a contemporary and friend of Mark Twain, wrote a number of books that realistically portrayed life on farms in Midwestern America. One of his followers, Hamlin Garland, was even more bitter in his criticism of rural America than his mentor.
__ (A) Hamlin Garland
__ (B) Mark Twain
___ (C) William Dean Howells
16.The Wisconsin Dells is a region where the Wisconsin River cuts through soft sandstone. The strange formations that have been carved out of the rocks there are a delight to tourists. They have names such as Devil's Elbow, Grand Piano, and Fat Man's Misery.
___ (A) strange formations
___ (B) tourists
__ (C) rocks
17.The lives of beetles are divided into four stages, as are those of wasps, ants, and butterflies. __ (A) lives
___ (B) stages
___ (C) insects
18.After electron microscopes were invented, scientists found many new viruses. Some of them were round, some oval, and some corkscrew-shaped.
___ (A) electron microscopes
___ (B) viruses
___ (C) scientists
19.The detailed information in maps is now produced almost entirely from satellite photography rather than by ground surveying because this method is faster, cheaper, and more accurate. __ (A) satellite photography
___ (B) ground surveying
20.An elephant is bigger than a mouse because it has trillions more cells, not because its cells are
any bigger.
___ (A) a mouse's __ (B) an elephant's
Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension 337
Exercise 48.2
Focus: Answering reference questions based on longer passages.
Directions: Read the following passages and the questions about them. Decide which of the choices-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-best answers the question, and mark the answer. The first one is done as an example.
Questions 1-6
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In addition to these various types of deep mining, several |
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types of surface mining may be used when minerals lie relatively |
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close to the surface of the Earth. One type is open-pit mining. |
(line) |
The first step is to remove the overburden, the layers of rock |
(5) |
and earth lying above the ore, with giant scrapers. The ore is |
|
broken up in a series of blasting operations. Power shovels pick |
|
up the pieces and load them into trucks or, in some cases, ore |
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trains. These carry it up ramps to ground level. Soft ores are |
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removed by drilling screws, called augers. |
(10) |
Another type is called "placer" mining. Sometimes heavy metals |
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such as gold are found in soil deposited by streams and rivers. |
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The soil is picked up by a power shovel and transferred to a long |
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trough. Water is run through the soil in the trough. This carries |
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soil particles away with it. The metal particles are heavier than |
(15) |
the soil and sink to the bottom, where they can be recovered. |
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The finishing-off process of mining is called mineral |
|
concentration. In this process, the desired substances are |
removed from the waste in various ways. One technique is to bubble air through a liquid in which ore particles are suspended.
(20)Chemicals are added that make the minerals cling to the air bubbles. The bubbles rise to the surface with the mineral particles attached, and they can be skimmed off and saved.
1.The word "them" in line 7 refers to
___ (A) power shovels
___ (B) layers of rock and earth
___ (C) giant scrapers
~ (D) pieces of ore
2.To which of the following does the word "These" in line 8 refer? __ (A) Ramps
___ (B) Trucks or ore trains __ (C) Augers
___ (D) Blasting operations
3.The phrase "Another type" in line 10 is a reference to another type of __ (A) deep mining
__ (B) ore __ (C) metal
___ (D) surface mining
4.The word "This" in line 13 refers to
___ (A) a power shovel
__ (B) gold
___ (C) running water __ (D) a long trough
338 Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension
5.In line 17, the phrase "this process"refers to __ (A) surface mining
___ (B) the depositing of soil
___ (C) mineral concentration __ (D) placer mining
6.The word "they" in line 22 refers to
___ (A) the processes
__ (B) the air bubbles __ (C) the chemicals __ (D) the minerals
Questions 7-10
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Mount Rainier, the heart of Mt. Rainier National Park, is the |
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highest mountain in the state ofWashington and in the Cascade |
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Range. The mountain's summit is broad and rounded. It is 14,410 |
(line) |
feet above sea level and has an area of about one square mile. |
(5)Numerous steam and gas jets occur around the crater, but the volcano has been sleeping for many centuries.
Mount Rainier has a permanent ice cap and extensive snow fields, which give rise to over forty glaciers. These feed swift streams and tumbling waterfalls that race through the glacial
(10)valleys. Forests extend to 4,500 feet. There are alpine meadows between the glaciers and the forests which contain beautiful wild flowers. The Nisqually Glacier is probably the ice region that is most often explored by visitors. Paradise Valley, where hotel accommodations are available, perches on the mountain's slope at
(15)5,400 feet. The Wonderland Trail encircles the mountain. Its 90mile length can be covered in about a week's time.
7.To which ofthe following does the word "It" in line 3 refer?
___ (A) Mt. Rainier __ (B) The summit
___ (C) The Cascade range __ (D) The national park
8.The word "These" in line 8 refers to which of the following? __ (A) Snow fields
___ (B) Steam and gas jets
___ (C) Glaciers
___ (D) Streams and waterfalls
9.The word "which" in line 11 refers to __ (A) forests
___ (B) wild flowers
___ (C) alpine meadows
___ (D) glacial valleys
10.What does the word "Its" in line 15 refer to? __ (A) The trail's
___ (B) An ice region's
___ (C) The mountain's __ (D) A week's
|
Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension 339 |
Questions 11-15 |
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Some people associate migration mainly with birds. Birds do |
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travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is |
|
the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern |
(line) |
Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until |
(5)spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. These seals breed only in the Pribilof Islands in the
Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000
(10)miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North America. The females and young travel as far as southern California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the Gulf ofAlaska. In the spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are
(15)among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback, fin, and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Whales eat huge quantities of tiny plants and animals (called plankton). These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.
11.The phrase "An example" in line 2 refers to an example of a
___ (A) migratory mammal
___ (B) place where animals migrate __ (C) bird
___ (D) person who associates migration with birds
12.In line 5, the word "Their" is a reference to the
___ (A) caribou's
___ (B) grassy slopes' __ (C) birds'
__ (D) seals'
13.To what does the word "They" in line 12 refer? __ (A) female seals
___ (B) young seals
___ (C) the islands
___ (D) male seals
14.In line 14, the word "there" refers to __ (A) the Gulf ofAlaska
__ (B) the Pribilof Islands
___ (C) southern California
___ (D) the Pacific Coast of North America
15.The word "These" in line 18 refers to __ (A) three types of whales
___ (B) tiny plants and animals
__ (C) polar seas
___ (D) warm waters
340 Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension
Questions 16-19
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Design is the arrangement of materials to produce certain |
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effects. Design plays a role in visual arts and in the creation |
|
of commercial products as well. Designers are concerned with the |
(line) |
direction of lines, the size of shapes, and the shading of |
(5)colors. They arrange these patterns in ways that are satisfying to viewers. There are various elements involved in creating a pleasing design.
Harmony, or balance, can be obtained in a number of ways. It may be either symmetrical (in balance) or asymmetrical (out of
(10)balance, but still pleasing to the eye). Or a small area may balance a large area if it has an importance to the eye (because of color or treatment) which equals that of the larger area.
Contrast is the opposite of harmony. The colors red and orange harmonize, since orange contains red. A circle and oval
(15)harmonize, as they are both made up of curved lines. But a short line does not harmonize with a long line. It is in contrast.
Unity occurs when all the elements in a design combine to form a consistent whole. Unity resembles balance. A design has balance if its masses are balanced, or if its tones and colors
(20)harmonize. But unity differs from balance because it implies that balanced elements work together to form harmony in the design as a whole.
16.The word "They" in line 5 refers to
___ (A) designers
___ (B) lines, shapes, and colors
___ (C) directions, size, and shape
___ (D) visual arts
17.The word "that" in line 12 is used as a reference to
___ (A) a color
___ (B) an area
__ (C) importance __ (D) balance
18.The word "It" in line 16 is used as a reference to __ (A) a circle
___ (B) the color red __ (C) a long line
___ (D) a short line
19.In line 20, the word "it" refers to __ (A) unity
___ (B) balance __ (C) a design
___ (D) a consistent whole
342 Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension
(20)American publishers have also drawn on artists from other
countries whose original, imaginative works have brought their different visions to American children's book illustration.
Among them are Leo Lionni from Italy, Feoddor Rojankowski from Russia, and Taro Yashima from Japan.
23.The word "they" in line 3 refers to
___ (A) the earliest books for children
lines of copy
___ (C) the Caldecott "toy books"
___ (D) pictures
24.The phrase "the best" in line 8 refers to the best
___ (A) picture books
illustrations
___ (C) authors
___ (D) nursery rhymes
25.The word "they" in line 17 refers to __ (A) delightful examples
___ (B) events
__ (C) 3- and 4-year-olds
___ (D) wordless picture books
26.The word "their" in line 22 refers to
___ (A) American publishers
___ (B) original, imaginative works
___ (C) artists from other countries
___ (D) American children's
Section 3 • Guide to Reading Comprehension 343
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MINI-TEST 8: READING COMPREHENSION
Directions: In this mini-test, there are several passages, each followed by a number of questions. Read the passages and, for each question, choose the one best answer. (A), (B), (C), or (D). You can mark the answer you have chosen either on the answer sheet above or on the blanks by the answer choices. All of your answers should be based on what is stated or implied in the passages.
Time: 55 minutes
Questions 1-12
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Humans have struggled against weeds since the beginnings of |
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agriculture. Marring our gardens is one of the milder effects of |
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weeds-any plants that thrive where they are unwanted. They clog |
(line) |
waterways, destroy wildlife habitats, and impede farming. Their |
(5)spread eliminates grazing areas and accounts for one-third of all crop loss. They compete for sunlight, nutrients, and water with useful plants.