The Complete Guide To The TOEFL Test
.pdfSection 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 117
.... Sample Items
In Michigan, ____ over six hundred feet deep.
(A)salt deposits
(B)where salt deposits are
(C)having salt deposits
(D)there are salt deposits
Choice (D) correctly supplies an introductory word (there), a verb, and a subject. Choice (A) lacks a verb. Choice (B) contains a subordinator, used to introduce a clause; there is only one verb, however, so there can only be one clause. Choice (C) also lacks a main verb.
____ a tomato plant from 75 to 85 days to develop into a mature plant with ripe fruit.
(A)It takes
(B)To take
(C)That takes
(D)By taking
Choice (A) correctly completes the sentence with the introductory word It and a verb. Choice (B) and (D) do not supply main verbs. Choice (C) incorrectly creates a noun clause. ...
Exercise 17
Focus: Completing structure problems involving incomplete independent clauses. (Note: Three or four items in this exercise do not focus on missing subjects, verbs, complements, or introductory words; these items are marked in the answer key with asterisks.)
Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentences, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1. |
In the United States, |
is generally the responsibility of municipal governments. |
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___ (A) for water treatment |
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~ (B) water treatment |
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___ (C) where water treatment |
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___ (D) in which water treatment |
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2. |
Crop rotation |
of preserving soil fertility. |
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___ (A) it is one method |
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__ (B) one method |
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____ (C) a method is one |
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_ _ (D) is one method |
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3. |
the dollar as its monetary unit in 1878. |
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__ (A) Canada adopted |
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__ (B) Adopted by Canada, |
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___ (C) It was adopted by Canada |
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___ (D) The Canadian adoption of |
118 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
4. almost impossible to capture the beauty of the aurora borealis in photographs. __ (A) Being
His __ (C) There is
__ (D) Is
5.Usually, political cartoons ______ on the editorial page of a newspaper. __ (A) appear
___ (B) whose appearance __ (C) by appearing __ (D) when they appear
6. two major art museums, the Fogg and the Sadler. __ (A) Harvard University has
__ (B) At Harvard University
___ (C) Harvard University, with its __ (D) There at Harvard University
7.American actress and director Margaret Webster ______ for her production of Shakespearean plays.
___ (A) who became famous
___ (B) famous as she became
___ (C) becoming famous
___ (D) became famous
8. |
gas tanks connected to welding equipment, one full of oxygen and the other |
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full of acetylene. |
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__ (A) It is two |
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__ (B) Of the two |
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__ (C) There are two |
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__ (D) Two |
9. |
is more interested in rhythm than in melody is apparent from his compositions. |
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__ (A) That Philip Glass |
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__ (B) Philip Glass, who |
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__ (C) Philip Glass |
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___ (D) Because Philip Glass |
lO. Compressed air ______ the power to drive pneumatic tools. |
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__ (A) by providing |
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___ (B) provides |
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___ (C) that provides |
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___ (D) the provision of |
11. |
by cosmic rays. |
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__ (A) The earth is constantly bombarded |
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__ (B) Bombarded constantly, the earth |
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__ (C) Bombarding the earth constantly |
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___ (D) The earth's constant bombardment |
12. |
primary colors are red, blue, and yellow. |
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___ (A) There are three |
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__ (B) The three |
__ (C) Three of them __ (D) That the three
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Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 119 |
13. |
who was elected the first woman mayor of Chicago in 1979. |
___ (A) It was Jane Byrne __ (B) Jane Byrne __ (C) That Jane Byrne __ (D) When Jane Byrne
14.Every computer consists of a number of systems ______ together. __ (A) by working
__ (B) work
__ (C) they work __ (D) that work
15. On the Moon, ______ air because the Moon's gravitational field is too weak to retain an atmosphere.
__ (A) there is no where no
__ (C) no
___ (D) is no
16.The Glass Mountains of northwestern Oklahoma ______ with flecks of gypsum, which shine in the sunlight.
___ (A) they are covered
___ (B) covered them
___ (C) that are covered
___ (D) are covered
17.In some cases, ______ to decide if an organism is a plant or an animal. __ (A) difficult if
__ (B) it is difficult
__ (C) the difficulty __ (D) is difficult
18.The first American novelist to have a major impact on world literature ______
___ (A) who was James Fenimore Cooper
___ (B) James Fenimore Cooper was
___ (C) it was James Fenimore Cooper
___ (D) was James Fenimore Cooper
19. important railroad tunnel in the United States was cut through the Hoosac Mountains in Massachusetts.
__ (A) At first
__ (B) It was the first __ (C) The first __ (D) As the first of
20. Generally, in the valleys and foothills of the Pacific Coast ranges. __ (A) the California poppy grown
the growth of the California poppy __ (C) the California poppy grows __ (D) growing the California poppy
21.When bats are at rest, ______ hang upside-down. __ (A) they
__ (B) and
__ (C) to __ (D)as
120 |
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression |
22. |
that the capital of South Carolina was moved from Charleston to Columbia. |
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__ (A) In 1790 was |
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___ (B) There was in 1790 |
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__ (C) In 1790 |
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__ (D) It was in 1790 |
23. Although not as important as they once were, ______ a major form of transportation in North America.
___ (A) there are still railroads
___ (B) railroads, which are still __ (C) railroads are still
___ (D) railroads still being
24.The Loop, which is the commercial heart of Chicago, ______ within a rectangular loop of elevated train tracks.
___ (A) that is enclosed
___ (B) enclosing it
___ (C) is enclosed __ (D) enclosed
25. amino acids that serve as the basic building blocks of all proteins. __ (A) About twenty
__ (B) For about twenty of __ (C) About twenty are __ (D) There are about twenty
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 121
LESSON 18
INCOMPLETE ADJECTIVE ClAUSES
As mentioned in the previous lesson, there are three types of dependent clauses, all of which are tested in Structure. Adjective clauses-also called relative clauses-are the most commonly tested of the three. You will see one or two items involving adjective clauses on most tests.
Adjective clauses are a way of joining two sentences. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause modifies (describes) a noun (called the head noun) in another clause of the sentence. It begins with an adjective clause marker.
I wanted the book. The book had already been checked out.
The book which I wanted had already been checked out.
The adjective clause in this example begins with the marker which and modifies the head noun book. Adjective clause markers are relative pronouns such as who, that, or which or the relative
adverbs when or where.
Ad~ |
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..:.;~~.c, |
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........ |
Use |
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who |
Subject |
A neurologist is a doctor who specializes in the |
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(people) |
nervous system. |
whom |
Object |
This is the patient whom the doctor treated. |
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(people) |
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whose |
Possessive |
Mr. Collins is the man whose house I rented. |
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(people) |
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which |
Subject/Object |
That is a topic which interests me. (which as subject) |
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(things) |
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That is the topic on which I will write. (which as object of |
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preposition) |
that |
Subject/Object |
Art that is in public places can be enjoyed by everyone. |
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(people/things) |
(that as subject) |
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The painting that Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive. |
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(that as object) |
where |
Adverb |
Here is the site where the bank plans to build its new |
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(place) |
headquarters. |
when |
Adverb |
This is the hour when the children usually go to bed. |
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(time) |
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Like all clauses, adjective clauses must have a subject and a verb. In some cases the adjective-clause marker itself is the subject; in some cases, there is another subject.
The painting was very expensive. Ms. Wallace bought it.
The painting which Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
The adjective-clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the object of the verb bought. In the joined sentence, the adjective clause keeps the subject-Ms. Wallace-that it had in the original sentence.
122 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
This is a topic. It interests me.
This is a topic that interests me.
The adjective-clause marker in the joined sentence replaces it, the subject of the second original sentence. In the joined sentence, the marker itself is the subject of the adjective clause. Notice that the inclusion of the pronoun it in the joined sentences above would be an error.
Incorrect: *The painting which Ms. Wallace bought it was very expensive. *This is a topic which it interests me.
This type of mistake is sometimes seen in distractors.
When the markers which, that, and whom are used as objects in relative clauses, they can correctly be omitted.
The painting Ms. Wallace bought is very expensive. (which omitted)
The adjective-clause markers which and whom can also be used as objects of prepositions:
That is the topic. I will write on it.
That is the topic on which I will write.
You may also see sentences with adjective clauses used in this pattern:
quantity word + of + relative clause
He met with two advisors. He met with two advisors,
I read a number of articles. I read a number of articles,
He had known both of them for years. both of whom he had known for years.
Most of them were very useful. most of which were very useful.
Any part of a relative clause can be missing from the stem of Structure items, but most often, the marker and the subject (if there is one) and the verb are missing. Any word or phrase from another clause-usually the head noun-may also be missing from the stem.
T Sample Items
Cable cars are moved by cables ____ underground and are powered by a stationary engine.
(A)they run
(B)that they run
(C)run
(D)that run
Choice (A) is incorrect because the pronoun they cannot be used to join two clauses. Choice (B) is not appropriate because the subject they is not needed in the adjective clause; the marker that serves as the subject of the clause. Choice (C) is incorrect because there is no marker to join the adjective clause to the main clause.
The melting point is the temperature ____ a solid changes to a liquid.
(A)which
(B)at which
(C)which at
(D)at
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 123
Choice (A) is incorrect because a preposition is needed before the adjective clause. Choice (C) is incorrect because the relative pronoun comes before the preposition. Choice (D) is incorrect because the relative pronoun has been omitted.
There are six types of flamingos, all ____ have long legs, long necks, and beaks that curve sharply downward.
(A)of them
(B)that
(C)of which
(D)they
Choices (A) and (D) do not contain connecting words needed to join clauses. Choice
(B) does not follow the correct pattern of relative clauses after a quantity word
The correct pattern needed to complete this sentence is quantity word + of + marker. Only (C) follows this pattern. ...
Exercise 18
Focus: Answering structure problems involving incomplete adjective clauses. (Note: One or two items in this exercise do not focus on adjective clauses; these items are marked in the answer key with asterisks.)
Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.
1.Most folk songs are ballads ______ have simple words and tell simple stories. __ (A) what
__ (B) although __ (C)when
~(D) that
2.After its introduction in 1969, the float process ______ the world's principal method of manufacturing flat sheets of glass.
___ (A) by which it became
___ (B) it became __ (C) became
___ (D) which became
3.In 1850, Yale University established Sheffield Scientific School, ______
___ (A) engineers were educated there
___ (B) where engineers were educated
___ (C) in which were engineers educated
___ (D) where were engineers educated
4.Many of Louise Nevelson's sculptures consisted of a number of large wooden structures
______ in complex patterns.
___ (A) which she arranged
___ (B) she arranged them
___ (C) which arranged
___ (D) arranged them
124 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
5. In addition to being a naturalist, Stewart E. White was a writer ______ the struggle for survival on the American frontier.
___ (A) whose novels describe
___ (B) he describes in his novels __ (C) his novels describe
___ (D) who, describing in his novels
6.Diamonds are often found in rock formations called pipes, ______ the throats of extinct volcanoes.
__ (A) in which they resemble __ (B) which resemble
___ (C) there is a resemblance to __ (D) they resemble
7. |
William SamuelJohnson, |
helped write the Constitution, became the flrst |
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president of Columbia College in 1787. |
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__ (A) whom he had |
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__ (B) and he had |
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__ (C) who had |
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__ (D)had |
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8. |
Seals appear clumsy on the land, |
are able to move short distances faster than |
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most people can run. |
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__ (A) but they |
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__ (B) which they __ (C) they __ (D)which
9.The instrument panel of a light airplane has at least a dozen instruments ______
___ (A) the pilot must watch __ (B) what the pilot must watch
__ (C) which the pilot must watch them
___ (D) such that the pilot must watch them
10.A keystone species is a species of plants or animals ______ absence has a major effect on an ecological system.
__ (A) that its
__ (B) its __ (C)whose __ (D) with its
11.The size and shape of a nail depend primarily on the function ______ intended.
___ (A) which it is
___ (B) for which it is
___ (C) which it is for __ (D) for which is
12.In geometry, a tangent is a straight line ______ a curve at only one pOint. __ (A) it touches
__ (B) whose touching __ (C) its touching __ (D) that touches
Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression 125
I:). It was the ragtime pianist Scott Joplin ______ the "Maple Leaf Rag, " perhaps the best known of all ragtime tunes.
(A) wrote
___ (B) the writer of
___ (C) who wrote
___ (D) writing
14.There are oyer 2.000 varieties of snakes. ______ are harmless to humans.
___ (A) mostly they
___ (B) most of them
___ (C) most of which
___ (D) which most
I,). Smokejumpers are |
descend into remote areas by parachute to fight forest fires. |
__ (A) firefighters |
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___ (D) when firefighters |
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__. (C) who, as firefighters |
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___ (D) firefighters who |
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16.Charlotte Gilman's best known book ______ she urges women to become financially independent.
__ (A) is U;r)11zell and Economics. in which
___ (ll) m'nnell and Economics. in which
___ (C) is W'i"mwn and Economics, which
___ (D) U;omen and Economics, which
126 Section 2 • Guide to Structure and Written Expression
LESSON 19
INCOMPLETE OR MISSING PARTICIPIAL PHRASES
Participial phrases generally occur after nouns. They are actually reduced (shortened) relative clauses. Present participles (which always end in -ing) are used to reduce adjective clauses that contain active verbs.
Minnesota, which joined the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (adjective clause with active verb)
Minnesota, joini;;g the Union in 1858, became the thirty-second state. (participial phrase with a present participle)
Most past participles end in -ed, but there are also many irregular forms. Past participles are used to reduce adjective clauses with passive verbs.
William and Mary College, which wasfounded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States.
(adjective clause with a passive verb)
William and Mary College, founded in 1693, is the second oldest university in the United States. (participial phrase with a past participle)
Participial phrases can also come before the subject of a sentence.
joining the Union in 1858, Minnesota became the thirty-second state.
Founded in 1693, William and Mary College is the second oldest university in the United States.
Usually, the participle itself is missing from this type of Structure item, but any part of a participial phrase as well as parts of a main clause may be missing.
.. Sample Item
Natural resources provide the raw materials ____ to produce finished goods.
(A)needed
(B)are needed
(C)which need
(D)needing
Option (B) is a passive verb; the sentence cannot contain two main verbs (are needed and prOl'ide) in the same clause. Choice (C) creates an adjective clause, but the verb in the clause is active and a passive verb is required. (However, a relative clause with a passive verb (which are needed) would be a correct answer.) Choice
(D) is a present participle and has an active meaning; a past participle is needed. A
Exercise 19
Focus: Completing structure problems involving incomplete or missing participial phrases. (Note: One or two items in this exercises do not focus on participial phrases; these items are marked on the answer key with asterisks.)
Directions: Choose the one option-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that correctly completes the sentence, and then mark the appropriate blank. The first one is done as an example.