English_books / drozdova_t_yu_berestova_a_i_english_grammar_reference_and_pr
.pdfin particular |
в особенности, |
maybe |
может быть |
|
в частности |
meantime |
тем временем |
inside |
внутрь, внутри |
meanwhile |
а в это время... |
insofar as |
поскольку |
merely |
просто,только |
instantly |
немедленно, тотчас |
monthly |
ежемесячно |
instead |
вместо этого |
moreover |
кроме того, |
in the long run |
в конечном счете, |
|
сверх того |
|
в конце концов |
mostly |
главным образом |
inthe meantime |
тем временем |
much |
много; намного, |
in the meanwhile |
между тем |
|
гораздо |
intime |
вовремя |
namely |
а именно/т. е. |
just |
только что, сию |
naturally |
естественно, |
|
минуту; как раз; |
|
разумеется |
|
просто |
near |
близко |
just now |
только что,сейчас, |
nearly |
почти |
|
сию минуту |
necessarily |
обязательно |
largely |
в большой степени |
neither |
также не |
last |
в последний раз |
never |
никогда |
lastly |
наконец(при |
nevertheless |
тем не менее |
|
перечислении) |
new |
недавно,заново, |
last night |
вчера вечером |
newly |
только что |
last time |
в прошлый раз |
|
(в соединении с |
late |
поздно |
|
другими словами) |
lately |
в последнее время, |
no longer |
больше не |
later on |
за последнее время |
(= not... any longer) |
|
позднее, после, |
none the less |
тем не менее |
|
latterly |
как-нибудь потом |
notwithstanding |
|
в последнее время, |
now |
теперь,сейчас |
|
like anything |
за последнее время |
nowadays |
в наше время, |
сильно, вовсю |
|
в наши дни |
|
like that |
подобным образом, |
now and then |
время от времени |
|
так |
nowhere |
нигде, никуда |
likewise |
подобным образом, |
obviously |
очевидно |
|
также |
occasionally |
изредка, |
little |
мало |
|
время от времени |
a little |
немного |
of course |
конечно |
long |
долго, давно |
of late |
за последнее время |
long after |
спустя долгое время |
often |
часто |
long ago |
давно, много |
on |
дальше, вперед |
long before |
времени тому назад |
once |
один раз, однажды, |
задолго до этого |
|
когда-то; раз уж |
|
long since |
давным-давно |
only |
только |
luckily |
ксчастью |
on no account |
ни в коем случае, |
mainly |
главным образом |
|
ни под каким видом |
380
on purpose |
нарочно, с целью |
scarcely ever |
почти никогда |
on the contrary |
наоборот, напротив |
secondly |
во-вторых |
on the whole |
в общем, в целом |
seldom |
редко |
or else |
иначе, в противном |
|
|
otherwise |
случае |
simply |
просто |
в противном |
since |
с тех пор |
|
out |
случае, иначе |
since then |
с тех пор |
вне, снаружи, |
since when |
с каких пор |
|
outside |
наружу |
so |
так; таким образом; |
снаружи, наружу |
|
итак |
|
over again |
снова; еще раз |
so far |
до сих пор, до |
particularly |
особенно |
|
настоящего времени |
partly |
частично,отчасти |
so far as |
насколько |
perhaps |
может быть |
solely |
исключительно |
possibly |
возможно |
somehow |
как-то, как-нибудь |
practically |
фактически, |
something like |
приблизительно |
|
практически |
sometimes |
иногда |
presently |
вскоре, после; |
somewhat |
несколько, до |
|
теперь, сейчас |
|
некоторой степени |
presumably |
предположительно, |
somewhere |
где-то, куда-то |
pretty |
по-видимому |
soon |
скоро |
довольно |
soon afterwards |
вскоре после этого |
|
previously |
раньше |
steadily |
упорно, неуклонно |
probably |
вероятно |
still |
еще; все еще; |
properly |
должным образом |
|
однако, все же |
quite |
совсем, совершенно |
straight |
прямо |
rather |
довольно, |
subsequently |
впоследствии, |
|
до некоторой |
|
потом, позже |
|
степени; скорее, |
suddenly |
вдруг, внезапно |
really |
лучше, охотнее |
sufficiently |
достаточно |
действительно, |
surely |
наверно,конечно |
|
recently |
в самом деле |
that is why |
вот почему |
(за) последнее |
that time |
в тот раз |
|
relatively |
время, недавно |
then |
тогда, затем |
относительно |
thence |
оттуда, |
|
respectively |
соответственно |
|
следовательно |
right |
прямо |
there |
там, туда |
satisfactorily |
удовлетворительно |
thereafter = after that |
|
scarcely |
едва |
therefore |
поэтому |
scarcely any |
почти нет |
therein = in that |
|
scarcely anybody |
почти никто |
thereof = of that |
|
scarcely anything |
почти ничего |
thereon = on that |
|
scarcely any |
почти нигде, |
thereupon = upon that |
|
where |
почти никуда |
therewith = with that |
|
381
the ... the ... |
чем ... тем |
up |
вверх, вверху |
this time |
в этот раз |
upstairs |
вверх (полестнице), |
throughout |
повсюду, во всех |
|
наверх, наверху |
|
отношениях |
|
(на верхнем этаже) |
thus |
таким образом |
up to here |
до сих пор |
till now |
до настоящего |
up to now |
до настоящего |
|
времени |
|
времени |
till recently |
до последнего |
up to then |
до того времени |
|
времени |
up to there |
до того места |
till then |
до того времени |
usually |
обычно |
today |
сегодня |
very |
очень |
together |
вместе |
virtually |
фактически, |
tomorrow |
завтра |
|
в сущности |
tonight |
сегодня вечером, |
weekly |
еженедельно |
|
сегодня ночью |
well |
хорошо; очень, |
too |
слишком; также; |
|
значительно |
|
ктому же |
when |
когда |
twice |
два раза, дважды |
whenever |
когда бы ни, |
ultimately |
в конечном счете, |
|
всякий раз когда |
|
в конце концов |
where |
где, куда |
undoubtedly |
несомненно |
whereby = by which |
|
unexpectedly |
неожиданно |
wherein = in which |
|
unfortunately |
к несчастью |
whereof = of which |
где бы ни, |
unhappily |
|
wherever |
|
unluckily |
до настоящего |
wherewith = |
куда бы ни |
until now |
|
||
|
времени |
with which |
целиком, полностью |
until recently |
до последнего |
wholly |
|
|
времени |
yesterday |
вчера |
until then |
до того времени |
yet |
еще; однако, все же |
382
APPENDIX 5
|
PLACE OF ADVERBS |
|
|
Adverbs |
Examples |
1. of manner |
Withintransitive verbs: |
|
|
(kindly, badly, well, etc.) |
He smiled kindly. She did not work badly. |
|
|
They speak English well. We worked hard. |
2. |
of olace and direction |
I’ll meet him here. |
|
(here, there, etc.) |
With transitive verbs: |
|
|
He answered the questions slowly. |
|
|
He slowly answered the question. |
3. |
of definite time |
Yesterday I went to the theatre. |
|
(tomorrow, today, |
Imet my old friend yesterday. |
|
yesterday, etc.) |
It’s a fine day today. |
|
|
Today I have a birthday party. |
|
|
Ihave seen him this morning. |
|
|
This year we have learned a lot of new things. |
|
|
Tomorrow Ishall go there. |
4. of olace and of time (2 adverbs) |
I’ll go there (1) tomorrow (2). |
|
5. of repetition and frequency |
He never comes early. |
|
|
(ever, never, just, often, |
She seldom goes there. |
|
always, seldom, soon, once, |
They usually say this. |
|
generally, sometimes, etc.) |
Ihave not yet read the book. |
|
|
Ihaven’t read the book yet. |
|
|
Have you read the book yet ? |
|
|
He sometimes comes here. |
|
|
Sometimes he comes here. |
|
|
He comes here sometimes. |
|
|
After the verb “to be”: |
|
|
He is never here at that time of the day. |
|
|
You are always late for dinner. |
|
|
With the compoundpredicates: |
|
|
I’ll never do this. He’s just come. |
|
|
We’ve already finished our work. |
6. of dearee. measure and quantity |
We were very glad to see him. |
|
|
(very, enough, half, too, |
The student passed the exam quite well. |
|
nearly, almost, etc.) |
He answered almost immediately. |
|
|
It’s warm enough. |
|
|
He speaks English well enough. |
|
|
BUT: We have enough (adjective) |
time (= time enough).
I’ll write a letter too.
383
APPENDIX 6
VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE
There are three groups of such verbs. Here are the most important ones.
I. Verbs followed by the Infinitive without a preceding noun. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a “that-clause”.
Verb |
Translation |
|
Examples |
afford |
позволять себе, |
□ We can’t afford to go away this summer. |
|
|
быть в состоянии |
|
|
agree |
согласиться |
□ |
We agreed to start/that we should start early. |
arrange |
договориться, |
□ |
I’ve arranged to meet her at the airport. |
|
условиться |
|
|
bother |
беспокоиться) |
□ |
Don’t bother to get dinner for me today. |
care |
хотеть, |
□ Would you care to go for a walk? |
|
|
иметь желание |
|
|
claim |
требовать, |
□ |
He claimed to be the owner of/that he owned |
|
претендовать |
|
the land. |
consent |
согласиться, |
□ |
Her father consented to give her off. |
|
дать согласие |
|
|
decide |
решать |
□ The boy decided not to become/that he |
|
|
|
|
wouldn’t become sailor. |
demand |
требовать |
□ |
He came to my house and demanded to |
|
|
|
be told/that 1should tell him everything. |
determine |
решать(ся) |
□ |
He determined to learn Greek. |
endeavour |
|
□ He determined that nothing should prevent him. |
|
стараться, |
□ |
He always endeavoured to please his mother. |
|
|
прилагать усилия |
|
|
fail |
не сделать |
□ |
He never fails to write. |
|
что-либо, не |
□ |
She failed to complete the work on time. |
|
суметь, забыть |
|
|
guarantee |
гарантировать |
□ |
The bank guaranteed topay his debts/that the |
|
|
|
debts would be payed. |
hasten |
торопиться, |
□ |
He hastened to tell his wife the good news. |
|
спешить |
|
|
hesitate |
колебаться, |
□ |
1hesitated to speak to him, since 1didn’t know |
|
не решаться |
|
himwell. |
hope |
надеяться |
□ We hope to see/that we would see you soon. |
384
team (howto) |
научиться |
long |
страстно желать, |
|
стремиться |
manage |
суметь, |
|
справиться |
offer |
предлагать |
prepare |
(подготовить |
presume |
взять на себя |
(take the |
смелость |
liberty) |
|
pretend |
притворяться |
proceed |
продолжать |
|
приниматься |
promise |
обещать |
propose |
намереваться, |
|
предполагать |
refuse |
отказываться) |
resolve |
решить |
seek |
стремиться, пы |
|
таться, стараться |
strive |
стараться, |
|
прилагать усилия |
swear |
клясться |
tend |
иметь склон |
|
ность/тенденцию |
threaten |
угрожать |
trouble |
беспокоиться), |
|
затруднять{ся) |
undertake |
предпринимать, |
|
согласиться, взять |
|
обязательства |
volunteer |
предлагать свою |
|
помощь, добро |
|
вольно сделать |
|
что-либо |
vow |
дать обет |
□Не learnt how to ride a horse.
□It’s many years since I left home. I am longing to come back.
□She managed to keep her temper.
□He offered to help me.
□We are prepared to supplythe goods you ask for.
□May I presume to advise you?
□They pretended not to see/that theydidn’tsee us.
□He proceeded to tell us every detail.
□He proceeded to give me a good scolding. (Он принялся меня бранить)
□He promised to be/that he would be here at 6 o’clock.
□What do you propose to do about it?
□He refused to help us.
□He resolved to succeed.
He resolved that nothing should call him back.
□They sought to kill him.
□He strove to succeed in business.
□He swore to tell/that he would tell the truth.
□Ittends to rain in winter in the North of England.
□The chairman threatened to resign/that he would resign if his policies were not adopted.
□Don’t trouble to meet me at the station.
□He undertook to finish the job by Friday.
□The question is whether anyone will volunteer to serve there.
□Ivowed not to follow/that I would never follow his advice again.
385
II. A noun (pronoun) + infinitive is used after these verbs. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a “that-clause”.
accustom |
привыкать |
□ When he became a soldier he had to accustom |
||
|
|
|
himselfnot to sleep at night. |
|
aid |
помогать |
□ |
My brother aided me to do it. |
|
appoint |
назначать |
□ |
They appointed White to manage the store. |
|
assist |
помогать |
□ |
The young man assisted the girl to fill in all |
|
|
|
|
the forms. |
|
cause |
велеть, |
□ |
He caused the prisoners to be put to death. |
|
|
вызывать, |
□ |
The incident caused me to reflect. |
|
command1 |
заставлять |
□ |
The officer commanded his men to fire. |
|
приказывать, |
|
|||
|
командовать |
□ |
The pirate chief commanded that the |
|
|
|
|
prisoners should be shot. |
|
challenge |
вызывать, |
□ |
He challenged his right to heir the house. |
|
|
бросать вызов, |
□ |
He challenged me to fight. |
|
|
оспаривать |
|
|
|
compel4 |
заставлять |
□ |
His conscience compelled him to confess. |
|
direct1 |
приказывать |
□ |
The officer directed his men to advance/that his |
|
|
|
|
men should advance. |
|
enable |
давать возмож |
□ |
The collapse of the strike enabled the company |
|
|
ность |
|
to resume normal bus service. |
|
encourage |
воодушевлять, |
□ |
The mother encouraged the boy to work hard. |
|
|
ободрять, |
|
|
|
|
потворствовать |
|
|
|
entreat1 |
умолять |
□ |
She entreated thejudge to show mercy. |
|
force4 |
заставлять |
□ The manager forced them to work hard. |
|
|
impel |
побуждать, |
□ |
The President’s speech impelled the nation |
|
|
принуждать |
|
to make greater efforts. |
|
implore1 |
умолять |
□ |
1implored my friend to help me. |
|
incite |
подстрекать |
□ He was shot for inciting his comrades to |
|
|
|
|
|
rise against their officers. |
|
induce |
побуждать, |
□ |
We couldn’t induce the old lady to travel by air. |
|
|
заставлять |
|
|
|
inspire |
воодушевлять |
□ |
What inspired him to give such a brilliant |
|
|
|
|
performance? |
|
instruct3 |
инструктировать, |
□ |
We were instructed to start early. |
. |
|
обучать |
□ |
I’ve been instructed by my agent thatyou still | |
|
|
|
|
owe me $50. |
|
386
invite |
приглашать |
□ |
Не didn’t invite me.to come in. |
lead |
(при)вести |
□ What led you to think so? |
|
order1 |
приказать, |
□ |
The doctor ordered me to stay in bed. |
|
настаивать |
□ The judge ordered that theprisoner should |
|
|
|
|
be remanded. |
persuade |
убеждать |
□ He persuaded me to change/that 1should |
|
|
|
|
change mymind. |
press |
торопить, |
□ |
He had to press her to pay the debt. |
|
заставлять, |
|
|
|
требовать |
|
|
|
действий |
|
|
prompt |
побуждать, |
□ What prompted him to be so generous? |
|
|
толкать |
|
|
provoke |
вызывать, |
□ |
His behaviour provoked her to answer |
|
провоцировать |
|
rudely. |
remind |
напомнить |
□ |
Please, remind me to answer/that 1should |
|
|
|
answer the letter. |
require1 |
требовать |
□ |
Students are required to take three papers |
|
|
|
inEngland. |
|
|
□ |
It’s required thatyou arrive at 8 a.m. |
stimulate |
побуждать |
□ She stimulated me to take greater efforts. |
|
summon |
вызывать, |
□ |
They summoned her to appear as a witness. |
|
созывать |
|
|
teach |
обучать |
□ |
My father taught me how to swim when 1was |
(how to) |
|
|
five. |
tell |
сказать, |
□ |
He told me to come immediately. |
(instruct, |
приказать |
|
|
order) |
|
|
|
tempt |
соблазнять |
□ Nothing could tempt him to take such a |
|
|
|
|
step. |
trust1 |
доверять |
□ |
Can 1trust you to get the moneysafely to the |
|
(верить, что все |
|
bank? |
|
будет в порядке) |
|
|
warn3 |
предупреждать |
□ We warned them not to go skating on such |
|
|
|
|
thin ice/that the ice was thin. |
387
NOTES:
1.No noun is found between these verbs and a “that-clause”:
□The commander ordered HIS TROOPS to lay down their arms.
□The commander ordered that his troops should lay down their arms. Note that the use of should is a common feature in such clauses after these verbs.
2.A noun is always found between these verbs and a “that-clause”:
□He persuaded ME to change my mind.
□He persuaded ME that his plan was preferable.
3.The Chancellor warned UNIONS that higher wages would mean higher prices. The Chancellor warned that higher wages would mean higher prices.
4.Make is roughly synonymous with these verbs, but is followed
a)in the active, by a noun + infinitive without to:
□He made ME do all the work again.
b)in the passive, by an infinitive with to:
□I was made TO DO all the work again.
III.The Infinitive, with or without a preceding noun, is used after these verbs. The verbs in italics may also be followed by a clause introduced by that.
ask |
просить |
□ She asked to be excused. |
|
|
приглашать |
□ We asked to see him. |
|
|
|
□ |
She asked us to come to the concert. |
beg |
взять на себя |
□ We beg to inform you (извещаем вас). |
|
|
смелость, |
□ 1beg to differ (позволю себе не согласиться). |
|
|
позволить себе |
□ 1beg to enclose (при сем прилагаю). |
|
|
(formal) |
|
|
choose |
решаться) |
□ She chose to remain at home. |
|
|
выбирать |
|
Она решила остаться дома. |
|
|
□ |
They chose me to serve as their representative. |
|
|
|
Они выбрали меня своим представителем. |
dare1 |
решаться, |
□ |
1don’t dare toprotest. |
|
осмеливаться, |
|
Я не осмеливаюсь возражать. |
|
подстрекать |
□ Неdared me tojumpfromthe bridge intothewater. |
|
|
|
|
Он подстрекал меня прыгнуть с моста в воду. |
desire |
хотеть, желать, |
□ |
1desire you to go at once. |
|
требовать, |
|
Ятребую/прошу, чтобы вы пошли немедленно. |
|
просить |
|
|
elect |
решить, |
□ |
Не elected to remain at home. |
|
предпочесть |
|
Он предпочел остаться дома. |
expect |
ожидать, |
□ We expect to receive a letter from him soon. |
|
|
надеяться |
|
|
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help |
помогать, |
□ She always helps her daughter do school home |
|
|
содействовать, |
|
work. |
|
оказывать |
|
|
|
помощь |
|
|
mean |
намереваться, |
□ |
I didn’t mean to offend you. |
(= intend) |
иметь в виду |
|
|
request |
просить позво |
□ |
I must request you to obey orders. |
|
ления, |
|
Предлагаю вам выполнить приказание. |
|
предлагать (веж |
|
|
|
ливо приказать) |
|
|
want |
хотеть, испыты |
□ You want to see a doctor. |
|
|
вать необходи |
|
Вам нужно пойти к врачу. |
|
мость, требо |
|
|
|
ваться |
|
|
wish |
хотеть, желать |
□ |
I wish you understand. |
|
|
|
Я хочу, чтобы вы поняли. |
NOTES:
1.If no noun is used after dare, two patterns are possible:
a)the infinitive with to:
□He dared to call me a fool to my face.
b)the infinitive without to (more especially in negative and interrogative sentences):
□He daren’f tell me what happened.
□Dare you mention it to him?
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