10.Over most of England the average peasant had to stay where he was, do what he was told, and work for others as well as for himself, since otherwise the feudal contract could not be fulfilled by his social superiors.
11.Itwas during the reign of Theodosios I, the Great, 379 - 395, that the Olympic games were held at Constantinople (393), a number of antique monuments being brought to adorn the capital in honour of the occasion.
12.And it is precisely here that the comedies of Johnson and Shakespeare differ most profoundly.
Ex. 7. (C) Fill in the spaces with an attributive clause referring to the noun in italics. First read the story.
N.B. Remember that attributive clauses are introduced bythe connectives who, that, which.
A cobbler (башмачник)_______ lived in an attic________ at the top of a high building, and made just enough money every day to keep him alive. But he was perfectly happy and was always singing with joy, and when the day_______ came to an end, he slept soundly. A rich banker_______ , lived in a large house opposite, and was so far from being happy that when the day________, ended, he would not sleep for thinking of all the money
_______ , and was disturbed early in the morning by the cobbler_______ . One day he sent over to the cobbler a present of a hundred pounds_______ . At first the cobbler was overjoyed, but he soon began to lose his cheerfulness. He began to be afraid that someone would steel his gold________, and began to lose his sleep through the fear that someone might come into his room_______ . His songs_______ ceased, and at last he felt he could bear it no longer, so seizing the bag of gold_______ , he went to the banker
________and throwing down the money exclaimed, “Take back the hundred pounds
________and leave me my happiness_________ , for my happiness is all_________.”
A suggestion for the beginning of your firstsentence:
A cobbler, who was young and cheerful, lived......
APPENDIX 2
IRREGULAR VERBS: DIFFICULT CASES
|
Infinitive |
Past Indefinite |
Past Participle |
Translation |
1 |
to fall |
fell |
fallen |
падать |
|
to feel |
felt |
felt |
чувствовать |
|
to fill |
filled |
filled |
наполнять |
2 |
to flow |
flowed |
flowed |
течь, литься |
|
to fly |
flew |
flown |
летать |
3 |
to lay |
laid |
laid |
класть, положить |
|
to lie |
lay |
lain |
лежать |
|
to lie |
lied |
lied |
лгать |
4 |
to leave |
left |
left |
уезжать |
|
to live |
lived |
lived |
жить |
5 |
to raise |
raised |
raised |
поднимать |
|
to rise |
rose |
risen |
подниматься |
6 |
to strike |
struck |
struck |
бить, ударять |
|
to stroke |
stroked |
stroked |
гладить |
APPENDIX 3
REGULAR VERBS: SPELLING RULES
|
|
|
|
third person |
‘-ing’ form or |
‘-ed’ form or |
Exceptions |
|
base form |
singular of |
Present |
|
Past |
|
|
|
|
PresentSimple |
Participle |
Participle |
|
|
|
|
|
+ ‘-s' |
+ ‘ing’ |
|
+ ‘ed’ |
|
|
|
join |
|
joins |
joining |
|
joined |
|
ending |
|
+ '-s’ |
|
|
|
|
in |
-sh |
finish |
finishes |
finishing |
|
finished |
|
|
-ch |
reach |
reaches |
reaching |
|
reached |
|
|
-ss |
pass |
passes |
passing |
|
passed |
|
|
-x |
mix |
mixes |
mixing |
|
mixed |
|
|
-z |
buzz |
buzzes |
buzzing |
|
buzzed |
|
|
-o |
echo |
echoes |
echoing |
|
echoed |
|
ending |
|
om it ’-e ’ before adding ‘-ing’ or |
‘-ed’ |
|
age, agree, |
in |
‘-e* |
|
|
|
|
|
disagree, dye, |
|
|
|
dance |
dances |
dancing |
|
danced |
free, knee, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
singe, referee, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tiptoe |
ending |
|
|
‘-ie’ p ‘-y’ |
|
|
|
in |
‘-ie’ |
|
|
before adding |
'-ing' |
|
|
|
|
|
tie |
ties |
tying |
|
tied |
|
ending |
in |
+ ’-y’ |
‘-y’ p ‘-ies’ |
|
|
*-y’ p ‘-ied’ |
|
consonant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
cry |
cries |
crying |
|
cried |
|
one syllable |
|
|
double final consonant before adding ‘-ing’ |
not ‘-w \ ‘-x’, |
ending |
in |
|
|
or ‘ -ed’ |
|
|
‘-y’: rowing, |
single |
vowel |
|
|
|
|
|
boxing, |
+ consonant |
|
|
|
|
|
playing |
|
|
|
dip |
dips |
dipping |
|
dipped |
|
two syllable |
|
|
|
|
|
not optional |
ending |
in |
|
|
|
|
|
in American |
single |
vowel |
+ ‘ -Г |
|
|
|
|
English |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
traveling, |
|
|
|
travel |
travels |
travelling |
travelled |
traveled |
the following verbs: equip, handicap, hiccup, kidnap, program, refer, worship
equip |
equips |
equipping |
equipped |
APPENDIX 4
LIST OF ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES
about |
кругом, вокруг, |
always |
всегда |
|
повсюду; |
and so forth |
и так далее |
|
приблизительно |
and so on |
|
above |
наверху, выше |
anyhow |
во всяком случае |
above all |
больше всего, |
anyway |
во всяком случае, |
|
главным образом |
|
так или иначе |
absolutely |
совершенно |
anywhere |
где-нибудь, куда- |
accordingly |
соответственно |
|
нибудь, влюбом |
across |
поперек, на ту |
|
месте |
|
сторону, на той |
apart |
отдельно |
|
стороне |
apparently |
по-видимому, |
actually |
фактически, на |
|
очевидно |
|
самом деле |
appreciably |
заметно, ощутимо |
admittedly |
по общему |
approximately |
приблизительно |
|
признанию |
around |
кругом, всюду; |
after |
потом, после, |
|
приблизительно |
|
впоследствии |
as |
как, в качестве |
after all |
в конце концов, в |
as early as |
уже, еще |
|
конечном счете |
as far as |
насколько |
afterward |
впоследствии, |
as far back as |
уже, еще |
again |
потом |
aside |
в сторону, встороне |
опять, снова, еще |
as long ago as |
уже, еще |
ago |
раз |
as usual |
какобычно |
тому назад |
as well |
также; кроме того, |
all at once |
неожиданно, вдруг |
|
вдобавок; с таким же |
all in all |
полностью, целиком |
|
успехом |
all of a sudden |
внезапно, вдруг |
as yet |
пока что, пока еще |
all over |
повсюду, кругом; |
at all |
вообще |
|
совершенно, |
(not) at all |
совсем (не) |
all the more |
полностью |
at all costs |
во что бы то ни стало, |
тем более |
|
любой ценой |
almost |
почти |
at all events |
во всяком случае, по |
alone |
один |
|
крайней мере |
a long time |
долго, давно |
at any rate |
во всяком случае; по |
a long time ago |
давно |
|
меньшей мере, |
a long way |
далеко |
at a time |
за раз, |
a long way away |
|
|
одновременно |
a long way off |
|
at a time when |
в то время, когда |
already |
уже; еще |
at the earliest |
самое раннее |
also |
также |
at first |
сперва,сначала |
altogether |
в общем, вполне |
at last |
наконец |
