- •Учебное пособие по английскому языку для курсантов военных специальностей радиотехнических направлений
- •Введение
- •Unit 1. Grammar Revision Личные местоимения
- •Притяжательные местоимения
- •Глагол to be
- •My University and Future Profession
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 2. Grammar Revision
- •Present
- •Unit 3.
- •The British Army
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 4. Grammar Revision Глагол to do
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 5. Grammar Revision Формы английского глагола
- •Существуют 4 формы глагола.
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 6. Grammar Revision Времена группы Indefinite ( Simple ) действительного залога(Active Voice)
- •History of Radar
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 7. Grammar Revision Времена группы Continuous (Progressive) действительного залога (Active Voice)
- •Radar as a Weapon
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 8. Grammar Revision Времена группы Perfect действительного залога(Active Voice)
- •Radar Components
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 9.
- •Grammar Revision
- •Времена группы Perfect Continuous (Active Voice)
- •(Совершенное длительное время в действительном залоге)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 10. Grammar Revision Времена группы Indefinite страдательного залога(Passive Voice)
- •Indefinite Passive
- •Communication Satellite
- •Words to be leant
- •Unit 11. Grammar Revision Времена группы Continuous и Perfect в страдательном залоге (Passive Voice)
- •Military Satellites
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 12. Grammar Revision Модальные глаголы
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 13. Grammar Revision Эквиваленты модальных глаголов
- •Ought to
- •Antenna
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 14. Grammar Revision Имя числительное
- •Radar Antenna
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 15. Grammar Revision Повелительное наклонение
- •Radar Receiver (part I)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 16. Grammar Revision Инфинитив
- •Radar receiver (part II)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 17. Grammar Revision Герундий
- •Radar Receiver (part III)
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 18. Grammar Revision Причастие
- •Способы перевода причастий на русский язык Active Voice
- •Passive Voice
- •Optical technology
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 19. Grammar Revision Словообразовательные суффиксы существительных
- •Internet
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 20. Grammar Revision Словообразовательные суффиксы глаголов
- •Cellular Communication History
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 21. Grammar Revision Словообразовательные суффиксы прилагательных и наречий
- •Cellular Communication
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 22. Grammar Revision Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
- •Прилагательные и наречия, образующие степени сравнения не по правилу
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 23. Grammar Revision Сравнительные конструкции
- •Galileo – European Satellite Navigation System
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 24. Grammar Revision Конструкции в страдательном залоге
- •Glonass
- •Words to be learnt
- •Unit 25.
- •Grammar Revision
- •Условные предложения
- •Способы выражения сказуемого в условных предложениях
- •Союзы, вводящие условные предложения
- •In case – в случае
- •Nanotechnology
- •Words to be learnt
- •Список неправильных глаголов (Irregular Verbs)
- •Indefinite Past Indefinite Participle II Перевод
- •Оглавление (Contents)
Antenna
Найдите в словаре и запишите транскрипцию следующих слов. Правильно прочитайте данные слова несколько раз вслух и постарайтесь запомнить их произношение
Oscillation, diligent, viable, subsequent, concisely, either, essential, aperture, grind, accept, view, rewrite, surface
Words to be learnt
to conduct - проводить
viable source – жизнеспособный источник
resonant antenna – резонансная антенна
fully yet concisely – полно, но в сжатой форме
essential part – значимая часть
to emerge – возникать, появляться
a new breed – новое поколение
the origin – происхождение, начало
plane subreflector – плоский подрефлектор
grinding -шлифование
surface - поверхность
equation - уравнение
to predict - предвидеть
to cause – заставлять, быть причиной
82
to accept – принимать, согласовывать
to trace back to – проследить, начиная от
society - общество
to recognize – признавать
to simplify - упрощать
to rewrite – переписать
Text
Antennas have been used for 100 years since Hertz conducted his experiments in the 1880s. First, he had to develop a source of very rapid electrical oscillations. After very careful and diligent development, he had a viable source and detector which formed the basis of the apparatus used in subsequent experiments. Hertz discovered the principles of a resonant antenna. Hertz was not only a brilliant experimentalist but also an extremely good writer. He wrote all his work up into papers which describe fully yet concisely the details of all his experiments. The main papers were collected together and published as a book in 1893.
An antenna is a wire or metal conductor used either to radiate energy from a transmitter or to pick up energy at a receiver. It is insulated from the ground and may be situated vertically or horizontally. Antennas are an essential part of every radio system and the steady growth of radio communications has increased the demand for antennas. The 100year period can be broadly divided into two halves. From the start to the 1930s, the story of antenna development follows in a single chronological path, from Hertz work to the early microwave period to long wave communications and then to short wave communications. Most antenna development in this period was empirical. The 1930s represents a clear break point in the history of radio communications and hence antennas. The uses of radio expanded rapidly and separate subject areas emerged. Radar started, microwaves returned, broadcasting expanded and radio astronomy started. A new breed of antenna engineers used rigorous theory to analyze and design antennas. Each of the areas has its own story to tell and the antennas for each area developed to some extent separately with a common theory linking all types.
83
Hertz was the first person to develop and use antennas in order to verify the existence of radio waves. But microwave engineers now often design antennas using optical principles. Thus the origin of the large aperture antenna can be traced back to the optical telescope of Newton and others. The first reflecting telescope was proposed by the Scottish mathematician James Gregory in 1663, but it was Isaac Newton who built the first instrument in 1672. This used a spherical main reflector and a plane subreflector to produce a focal point on one side of the telescope. In the same year that Isaac Newton proposed his telescope to the Royal society, George Gassegram proposed a reflecting mirror and a subreflector to refocus the light to a point behind the main reflector. However neither the Gassegram nor the Gregorian telescope was practical until James Short developed a method of grinding nonspherical surfaces in 1740.
The formulation of Maxwell`s Equations and hence the start of antennas theory also came before the classical experiments of Hertz. The research of James Clerk Maxwell was founded on the experimental work of Michael Faraday who discovered electromagnetic induction. Maxwell was a brilliant theoretician who predicted that all changes in electrical and magnetic fields cause waves to be propagated in space and that light was just another form of electromagnetic wave. This was a revolutionary suggestion at that time because the generally accepted view was that the ether behaved as a fluid and Newtonian physics of action-at-a-distance applied. Maxwell first published his ideas in 1862 and subsequently expanded them into a book in 1873. The book is recognized as a classical but it was and still is extremely difficult to follow. It was Hertz and Heaviside who simplified and rewrote the Equations in the form we know today.
Задание I. Поставьте вопросы и ответьте на них, закончив предложения по тексту:
An antenna is … (what, where, when)
Essential part of every radio system is … (what, where, why)
The 100year period can be divided into … (what, how, where)
Hertz conducted his experiments … (what, who, when)
Hertz discovered … (what, who, where, when)
The story of antenna development started … (when, where, what, why)
James Gregory proposed … (what, when, where, who)
Isaac Newton built … (what, who, when)
84
George Gassegram proposed…(what, who, why, where)
A method of grinding nonspherical surfaces was developed by…(what, who)
Electromagnetic induction was discovered by…(who, what, why)
Maxwell first published his ideas…(when, who, what, where)
Hertz and Heaviside simplified and rewrote…(what, who, why, when, where)
Задание II. Выделите главную мысль каждого абзаца в виде 3-4 кратких, логичных, своих собственных предложений
Задание III. Тщательно выполнив все упражнения, будьте готовы на английском языке побеседовать по теме «Антенна» с преподавателем и с группой
85