NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY – HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AT ST. PETERSBURG COLLEGE OF MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION STUDIES ELECTIVE PROGRAM
Cross-cultural communication between Russia and France.
Alina Khristyuk
A Paper
Submitted
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
COMM 101: Intercultural Communication
Mikhail A. Morozov, instructor
St. Petersburg
2014
Cross-cultural communication between Russia and France.
Part one.
Introduction and countries’ analyses.
Nowadays there are a tendency for the worldwide community to integrate with each other. Since the beginning of the century “globalization mania” became so popular, that now we can’t even imagine our life without foreign clothes, products and goods. Opposition to the West is one of the stable characteristics of the Russian history. It is not only enshrined in the mentality of Russian people, but has become an integral part of the social and political culture of the country. The crisis facing Russia at the present time, the active modernization and inclusion in the globalization not only further exacerbate this confrontation, but also actualize the perennial alternative facing Russia: to converge with the West, or enter a new confrontation with it. I decided to choose exactly Russia-France relationships due to the fact that these two countries have so much in common: French influence on Russia was so big in nineteenth century that in 1800 more than 80 % of Russian aristocracy considered French language as their second mother tongue and could speak it as fluently as Russian one. That’s why it is interesting to find out what was happened with such close relationships, what we have today and how it will be changed in future.
In my research, I want to explore each country using 3 different concepts. The first is Deep structures. I pay special attention to history because Russia and France were in deeply close relationships in 19th century, which were damaged after the French invasion of Russia in 1812. Also it will be necessary to add description of social identities (second concept) because both Russia and France have much in common, in particular, ethnocentrism, which we could see due to the historical materials of France and Russia. Furthermore, I’m going to use The Five Hofstede’s Intercultural Dimensions (third concept) in order to show a full vision of Russia-French communication nowadays.
Deep structures.
The first real manifestations of the influence of France in Russia date from Russia's first political opening toward Europe, undertaken by Peter the Great (r. 1682 - 1725) and further advanced by Catherine II (r. 1762 - 1796). In the first instance, this influence was cultural. The adoption of the French language as the language of conversation and correspondence by the nobility encouraged access to French literature. The nobility's preference for French governesses and tutors contributed to the spread of French culture and educational methods among the aristocracy. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Russian nobility still preferred French to Russian for everyday use, and were familiar with French authors such as Jean de la Fontaine, George Sand, Eugene Sue, Victor Hugo, and Honoré de Balzac.
The influence of France was equally strong in the area of social and political ideas. Catherine II's interest in the writings of the philosophers of the Enlightenment - Baron Montesquieu, Jean Le Rond d'Alembert, Voltaire, and Denis Diderot - contributed to the spread of their ideas in Russia during the eighteenth century. The empress conducted regular correspondence with Voltaire, and received Diderot at her court. Convinced that it was her duty to civilize Russia, she encouraged the growth of a critical outlook and, as an extension of this, of thought regarding Russian society and a repudiation of serfdom, which had consequences following her own reign.
During the French Revolution and French Invasion in Russia Russia-France relationships were visibly deteriorated. Despite this change, however, liberal ideas that had spread during the eighteenth century continued to circulate throughout Russia during the nineteenth, and the French Revolution continued to have a persistent influence on the political ideas of Russians. When travel resumed under Alexander I (ruled 1801 - 1825), Russians once again began to travel abroad for pleasure or study. This stimulated liberal ideas that pervaded progressive and radical political thought in Russia during the nineteenth century. The welcome that France extended to political exiles strengthened its image as a land of liberty and of revolution.
During the nineteenth century, travel in France was considered a form of cultural and intellectual apprenticeship. Study travel abroad by Russians, as well as trips to Russia by the French, shared a common cultural space, encouraging exchanges most notably in the areas of fine arts, sciences, and teaching.
On the eve of 1914, there were twelve thousand French nationals in Russia. Forty consuls were in the country looking out for French interests. French newspapers had permanent correspondents in St. Petersburg. In 1911, l'Institut Français (a French institute) was created there to help spread French culture in Russia. In fact, from the 1890s onward, France's cultural presence in Russia was consistently viewed as an adjunct to its policy.
After the October Revolution of 1917, Paris, along with Berlin and Prague, was one of the three principal cities of Russian emigration in Europe. A hub of intellectual activity from the 1920s onward, the French capital was among the leading centers abroad for publishing Russian newspapers and books, of which a portion subsequently made its way into Russia, thereby helping to bind the emigrant population with Soviet Russians back home. The suspension of scientific and cultural relations between the USSR and the rest of the world, starting in the mid-1930s, put an end to this exchange.
Nowadays the partnership between Russia and France is continuing. In particular, 2010 was declared the year of Russia in France and the year of France in Russia. This year was a year of great cultural exchange between countries with tours of Mariinsky Theatre, The Moscow Nikulin Circus and the large exhibition “Holy Russia” in France, which will present to the attention of Europeans the Russian skills and tours of Parisian national opera, the group “Comedie-Française” and exhibition of Louvre paintings in the State Tretyakov Gallery in Russia.
Social identities.
There I decided to choose two features of social identity wheel such as nationality and ideology because to my mind these two features unite France and Russia in a best way.
Nationality
Undoubtedly, this feature characterize France the most. French do love their culture, language and mentality, and try to protect it from invasion of different cultures. In particular, in 1975 French president Valery Giscard d'Estaing signed a law on the protection of the French language from the invasion of English and any other language, and hence any foreign culture. Also, as I’ve already mentioned, French dislike American and British(For instance, they believe that British are petty, ill-mannered, pretty ridiculous and absolutely incompetent in dressing people who spend most of their time digging in the garden, playing cricket or sitting in a pub with a mug of thick, sweet and warm beer).
Russia is also considered as a country with strong role of nationalism. Understanding the strength and focus of Russian racism/nationalism was not easy since Russia had had serious conflicts with Britain, Poland, Germany and the USA in the past century and itself contained no fewer than 140 different nationalities. However, an insight into Russian rejection of multiculturalism was provided by data that up to 40 percent of Muscovites were in favor of the forcible expulsion of “foreigners” – Muslims and/or Asiatics -- from their city.
Sociologist Lev Gudkov, director of the Levada Center polling agency, said that as many as 60 percent of Russians supported the nationalist slogan, “Russia for the Russians,” while about 50 percent of Moscow residents support limiting the flow of migrants from the Caucasus and Central Asia to the city. “The problem is not even the spread of xenophobic sentiment from the lower classes to the general public, but the fact that social resistance to xenophobia is weakening,” Gudkov opined.
Ideology
French like to show that they are all free and equal in their rights. Statue of Liberty, which France presented to USA is the steady symbol of political, social and economic freedom around the world. As the country, which gained independence relatively early, France demonstrates its own ideology everywhere: in education, politics, lifestyle and even art.
Russia’s ideology may be mishmash: the old Soviet critique of hypocritical “bourgeois democracy,” plus some anti-Europeanism, some anti-globalism and a homophobic twist for contemporary appeal. All of it gives us a contemporary portrait of Russia, which still tries to prove that it is the best of the best and nobody can harm it (accession of Crimea as a recent proof).
The six Hofstede’s Intercultural Dimensions
Power distance
This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal – it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. Power distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organisations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.
Russia, scoring 93, is a nation where power is very distant in society. This is underlined by the fact that the largest country in the world is extremely centralized: 2/3 of all foreign investments go into Moscow where also 80% of all financial potential is concentrated. The huge discrepancy between the less and the more powerful people leads to a great importance of status symbols. Behaviour has to reflect and represent the status roles in all areas of business interactions: be it visits, negotiations or cooperation; the approach should be top-down and provide clear mandates for any task.
With a score of 68, France scores fairly high on Power Distance. Children are raised to be emotionally dependent, to a degree, on their parents. This dependency will be transferred to teachers and later on to superiors. It is, therefore, a society in which a fair degree of inequality is accepted. Power is not only centralised in companies and government, but also geographically. Just look at the road grid in France; most highways lead to Paris.
Many comparative studies have shown that French companies have normally one or two hierarchical levels more than comparable companies in Germany and the UK. Superiors have privileges and are often inaccessible. CEO’s of big companies are called Mr. PDG, which is a more prestigious abbreviation than CEO, meaning President Director General. These PDGs have frequently attended the most prestigious universities called “grandes écoles”, big schools.
Individualism
The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. It has to do with whether people´s self-image is defined in terms of “I” or “We”. In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. In Collectivist societies people belong to ‘in groups’ that take care of them in exchange for loyalty.
If Russians plan to go out with their friends they would literally say “We with friends” instead of “I and my friends”, if they talk about brothers and sisters it may well be cousins, so a lower score of 39 even finds its manifestations in the language. Family, friends and not seldom the neighborhood are extremely important to get along with everyday life’s challenges. Relationships are crucial in obtaining information, getting introduced or successful negotiations. They need to be personal, authentic and trustful before one can focus on tasks and build on a careful to the recipient, rather implicit communication style.
France, with a score of 71, is shown to be an individualist society. Parents make their children emotionally independent with regard to groups in which they belong. This means that one is only supposed to take care of oneself and one’s family.
The French combination of a high score on Power Distance and a high score on Individualism is rather unique. It is claimed that one reason why the French are less obese than people in other EU-countries is that parents still have more sway over children than in other EU-countries. This is a reflection of the high score on Power Distance with its stronger respect for the elderly.
Subordinates normally pay formal respect and show deference to their boss, but behind his/her back they may do the opposite of what they promised to do, as they may think that they know better, yet are not able to express so. Another reflection of high Power Distance contrary to formal obedience is the total rejection of those in power as there is no way to change by evolution but only by strikes, revolts and revolution.
Customer service is poor in the eyes of all those Anglo-Saxons who believe that the customer is king. Not so in France. The French are self-motivated to be the best in their trade. They, therefore, expect respect for what they do, after which they are very much willing to serve you well.
Masculinity
A high score (masculine) on this dimension indicates that the society will be driven by competition, achievement and success, with success being defined by the winner/best in field – a value system that starts in school and continues throughout organizational behavior.
A low score (feminine) on the dimension means that the dominant values in society are caring for others and quality of life. A feminine society is one where quality of life is the sign of success and standing out from the crowd is not admirable. The fundamental issue here is what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine).
Russia’s relatively low score of 36 may surprise with regard to its preference for status symbols, but these are in Russia related to the high Power Distance. At second glance one can see, that Russians at workplace as well as when meeting a stranger rather understate their personal achievements, contributions or capacities. They talk modestly about themselves and scientists, researchers or doctors are most often expected to live on a very modest standard of living. Dominant behavior might be accepted when it comes from the boss, but is not appreciated among peers.
With a score of 43, France has a somewhat feminine culture. At face value, this may be indicated by its famous welfare system (securité sociale), the 35-hour working week, five weeks of holidays per year and its focus on the quality of life. French culture in terms of the model has, however, another unique characteristic. The upper class scores feminine while the working class scores masculine. This characteristic has not been found in any other country.
Uncertainty avoidance
The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? This ambiguity brings with it anxiety and different cultures have learnt to deal with this anxiety in different ways. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the UAI score.
Scoring 95 Russians feel very much threatened by ambiguous situations, as well as they have established one of the most complex bureaucracies in the world. Presentations are either not prepared, e.g. when negotiations are being started and the focus is on the relationship building, or extremely detailed and well prepared. Also detailed planning and briefing is very common. Russians prefer to have context and background information. As long as Russians interact with people considered to be strangers they appear very formal and distant. At the same time formality is used as a sign of respect.
At 86, French culture scores high on Uncertainty Avoidance. This is clearly evident in the following:
The French don’t like surprises. Structure and planning are required.
Before meetings and negotiations they like to receive all necessary information.
There is also a need for emotional safety valves as a high score on Uncertainty Avoidance and the combination of high Power Distance and high Individualism strengthen each other, so to speak. The French, for example, are very talkative and “engueuler”, giving someone the sharp edge of one’s tongue happens often.
There is a strong need for laws, rules and regulations to structure life.
Pragmatism
This dimension describes how people in the past as well as today relate to the fact that so much that happens around us cannot be explained. In societies with a normative orientation, most people have a strong desire to explain as much as possible. In societies with a pragmatic orientation most people don’t have a need to explain everything, as they believe that it is impossible to understand fully the complexity of life. The challenge is not to know the truth but to live a virtuous life.
With a very high score of 81 and 63, Russia and France are definitely countries with a pragmatic mindset. In societies with a pragmatic orientation, people believe that truth depends very much on situation, context and time. They show an ability to adapt traditions easily to changed conditions, a strong propensity to save and invest thriftiness and perseverance in achieving results.
Indulgence
One challenge that confronts humanity, now and in the past, is the degree to which little children are socialized. Without socialization we do not become “human”. This dimension is defined as the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses, based on the way they were raised. Relatively weak control is called “indulgence” and relatively strong control is called “restraint”. Cultures can, therefore, be described as indulgent or restrained.
The restrained nature of Russian culture is easily visible through its very low score of 20 on this dimension. Societies with a low score in this dimension have a tendency to cynicism and pessimism. Also, in contrast to indulgent societies, restrained societies do not put much emphasis on leisure time and control the gratification of their desires. People with this orientation have the perception that their actions are restrained by social norms and feel that indulging themselves is somewhat wrong. (In modern generation it feels less however even they can be regarded as pessimistic and cynical)
France scores somewhat in the middle (48) where it concerns indulgence versus restraint. This, in combination with a high score on Uncertainty Avoidance, implies that the French are less relaxed and enjoy life less often than is commonly assumed. Indeed, France scores not all that high on the happiness indices.