vse_otvety / 27_Sistema_soglasnykh_fonem_v_sravnenii_s_russk

Consonantism

Principles of classification.

On the articulatory level the consonants change:

1. In the degree of noise.

2. In the manner of articulation.

3. In the place of articulation.

The degree of noise. According to the degree of noise English and Russian consonants are divided into two big classes:

A) noise consonants (according to the work of the vocal cords: voiced and voiceless; according to the force of articulation: weak/lenis and strong/ fortis)

B) sonorants.

The manner of articulation. According to the manner of articulation consonants may be of 4 groups:

1) occlusive/stops/plosives. Can be voiced and voiceless. Occlusive voiced consonants are: b,d,g and б,б', д, д',г,г'. Occlusive voiceless consonants are: p,t,k and п,п',т,т',к,к'. And also weak and strong.

The particular quality of the sonorant depends on the position of the soft palate. Occlusive sonorants are also made with a complete obstruction but the soft palate is lowered and the air stream escapes through the nose, so they are nasal. The English occlusive nasal sonorants m n n(nasal). The Russian nasal occlusive sonorants м,м',н,н'.

2) constrictive: fricatives (constrictive noise consonants), f,v,s,z (межзубные) s,z,sh,zh,h, ф,ф', в,в', с, с', з, з', ш, ж, х,х'. According to the work of the vocal cords they may be voiced and voiceless. Voiced: V,z (межзубный), z,zh. В,в',з,з', ж. Voiceless: f,f (межзубный), s,sh,h, ф,ф',с,с',ш,ш',х,х'. According to the force of articulation voiced consonants are weak, voiceless consonants are strong. Constrictive sonorants w,r,l,j, л,л',j.

3) occlusive constrictive/ affricates are noise consonants sounds. Ts(ч)-voiceless and strong, dg-voiced and weak. Ч', ц.

4) rolled. In Russian р,р'.

The place of articulation. According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of articulation: 1) labial:bilabial and labio-dental, 2) lingual:forelingual, mediolingual and backlingual. 3) glottal in English h.

Exercises to teach phonetics:

1) Exercises on active listening and distinguishing sounds. For example, when pupils hear the necessary sound they raise or clap their hands. The words can be both known and unknown. A teacher can ask pupils to distinguish between Russian and English sounds.

2) Exercises on repetition. Pupils repeat words, word combinations or phrases after a teacher or a tape recording. Here beside the pronunciation itself a teacher must pay special attention to the rhythm, stress, pauses and intonation. The work can be made individually or all together.