- •The structure of the human body
- •1. Memorize the rules of reading:
- •2. Memorize the rules of reading:
- •7. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate them into Russian.
- •8. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
- •9. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 1.
- •Vocabulary List 1
- •10. Name the organs and parts of the body localized in:
- •16. What sentences in the text give us the following information?
- •17. Using the text describe the following anatomical structures:
- •18. What questions can be asked to get the following answers?
- •19. Match the words with the opposite meanings.
- •20. Translate the word combinations. Pay attention to prepositions.
- •21. What parts of the body are described?
- •22. Fill in the gaps with the right prepositions.
- •23. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
- •24. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 2:
- •Vocabulary List 2
- •25. Find in exercises 23 and 24 six pairs of synonyms.
- •26. Translate the derivatives:
- •27. Read and translate the following word combinations.
- •28. Translate from English into Russian.
- •29. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the Vocabulary list 2.
- •30. A) Read and translate the text.
- •The Skeleton
- •31. Match the Latin and English medical terms:
- •32. Answer the questions.
- •33. Match the bones with the proper parts of the body.
- •34. Match the groups of ribs with their descriptions.
- •35. Complete the sentences:
- •36. Say whether it’s true or false. Give your reasons.
- •37. Form and translate Participle II of the following verbs:
- •38. Translate the sentences.
- •39. Translate from English into Russian:
- •40. Open the brackets using the necessary Passive Form of the given verb.
- •41. Insert the prepositions “by” or “with”.
- •42. Change the following sentences from the Active into the Passive.
- •43. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.
- •44. Make up sentences from the given words:
- •45. Finish the following sentences using the given words and verbs in the Passive Voice.
- •46. Translate from Russian into English.
- •47. Read the text; insert the proper forms of the verbs. Give a summary of the text. Cranial Bones
- •48. Match the cranial bone with its location.
- •52. А) Find in the dialogue English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
- •58. Answer the questions:
- •59. Translate the sentences.
- •60. Ask 10 questions based on the text “The jaws” and answer them (work in pairs).
- •65. Read the text for general understanding. Pay attention to the first sentence of each paragraph. Make the plan of the text. Bones. Formation and Structure
- •66. Find in the text English equivalents for these words and word combinations:
- •67. Read the text once again. Put the questions in the order they are answered in the text, then answer the questions.
- •68. Read the text. The Systems of the Body
- •69. Correct the sentences according to the text.
- •70. State the function of every system described in the text.
- •71. Put the questions in the order they are answered in the text, then answer the questions.
- •72. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the functions of infinitives.
- •73. Join the sentences, using the infinitive in the function of the adverbial modifier of purpose. Then translate the sentences.
- •74. Translate the sentences with infinitives in the function of attribute.
- •75. Join the parts of the table to make up sentences about the role of famous scientists in the history of medicine.
- •76. Answer the questions.
- •77. Prepare a report (10 – 12 sentences) about life and work of one of the great anatomists.
- •78. Read and reproduce the jokes.
- •79. Practice reading the tongue-twisters.
- •80. Poems and rhymes to enjoy.
7. Form words with the help of negative prefixes. Translate them into Russian.
In-: complete, visible, vertebrate, curable, accessible, sensitive.
Im-: patient, mobile, mortal, movable.
Il-: legal, logical, literate, legible.
Ir-: reversible, responsible, relevant, respirable, responsive, rational.
Un-: natural, able, healthy, sound, conscious, equal.
8. Guess the meanings of the words of Latin origin. Practice reading them.
abdomen [’æbdəmen]
cardiovascular [‚ka:diəu’væskjulə]
cavity [’kæviti]
diaphragm [’daiəfræm]
digestive [d(a)i’dʒestiv]
endocrine [’endəkrin]
epithelial [‚epi’θi:liəl]
intestine [in’testin]
muscle [’mÙsl]
muscular [’mÙskjulə]
nerve [nə:v]
nervous [’nə:vəs]
respiratory [ris’pirətəri], [ris’paiərətəri], [’respərətɔ:ri]
skeletal [’skelitl]
thorax [’θɔ:rəks]
urinary [’juərinəri]
9. Learn the words from the Vocabulary List 1.
Vocabulary List 1
make up [’meik’p] v составлять, собирать
cell [sel] n биол., физиол. клетка
tissue [¢ti∫u:], [¢tisju:] n ткань
basic [’beisik] а основной, главный, самый существенный
compose [kəm’pəuz] v сочинять, создавать (произведение); (обыкн. pass) составлять; to be composed of - состoять
perform [pə¢fɔ:m] v выполнять, делать; представлять, играть (пьесу)
chief [tòi:f] а главный, руководящий; основной, важнейший n глава, руководитель; начальник; шеф
human [¢hjumən] a человеческий
trunk [trŋk] n туловище
limb [lim] n конечность
extremity [iks’tremiti] n конечность
enclose [in’kləuz] v окружать, окаймлять; заключать
brain [brein] n мозг
connect [kə’nekt] v соединять, связывать
neck [nek] n шея
consist [kən’sist] (of) v состоять (из)
chest [t∫est] n грудная клетка
belly [’beli] n живот, брюшная полость
back [bæk] n спина
divide [di’vaid] v делить, разделять
upper [’pə(r)] a верхний
lower [’ləuə(r)] a нижний
contain [kən′tein] v содержать в себе, вмещать
heart [ha:t] n сердце
lung [lŋ] n легкое
stomach [’stmək] n желудок
liver [’livə] n печень
gallbladder [’gɔ:l‚blædə] n желчный пузырь
kidney [’kidni] n почка
urinary bladder [’juərinəri ’blædə] мочевой пузырь
bowel [’bauəl] n кишка; pl кишечник
shoulder [’∫ouldə] n плечо, плечевой сустав
forearm [’fɔ:ra:m] n предплечье
elbow [’elbəu] n локоть
finger [’fiŋgə] n палец
thumb [θÙm] n большой палец руки
tip [tip] n верхушка, кончик
fingernail [’fiŋgəneil] n ноготь пальца (руки)
thigh [θai] n бедро, бедренная кость
hip [hip] n бедро
lower leg [’ləuə’leg] / leg / shin голень
foot [fut] n ступня; нога (ниже щиколотки)
calf [ka:f] n икра (ноги)
wrist [rist] n запястье
knee [ni:] n колено
joint [dʒɔint] n сустав; а соединенный, объединенный; совместный
ankle [’æŋkl] n лодыжка
heel [hi:l] n пятка
sole [səul] n подошва
ball of the foot – подъем свода стопы
instep [’instep] n подъем (стопы), плюсна
toe [təu] n палец ноги
10. Name the organs and parts of the body localized in:
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
Upper extremity
Lower extremity
11. Find in the Vocabulary List 1 the organs which are included into the following systems:
Digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Nervous system
Respiratory system
Skeletal system
12. Translate the derivatives.
1) human, humane, inhumane, humanism, humanity, humanities; 2) to connect, connected, connection, connective; 3) to be composed of, composing, composer, composition, to decompose; 4) to divide into, divisible, division, to subdivide, subdivision; 5) to contain, container; 6) basic, basically, base, basement, baseless; 7) back, backache, backbone; 8) to perform, performance, performer.
13. Make up the sentences.
1. organ, is, of, system, brain, nervous, the, central, the.
2. father’s, baby, on, knees, the, his, sat.
3. patient, stomach, lying, on, was, the, his.
4. two, in, cavities, large, are, the, trunk, there.
5. kidneys, are, urinary, the, parts, the bladder, and, the, of, system, excretory.
14. Fill in the gaps with suitable words (from the Vocabulary List 1).
1. The woman’s … was beating strongly. 2. This book … all the information you need. 3. The United Kingdom … of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 4. Every tissue and every organ of the body is made up of … . 5. Smoking can cause … cancer. 6. A histologist is a specialist who studies … . 7. Atoms … all the substances around us.
15. Read and translate the text.
The Human Body
The human body is made up of cells. The cells form tissues. There are four basic tissues: epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue and nerve tissue. Each organ is composed of several kinds of tissue. Organs working together to perform complex functions are grouped into systems. There are the following systems: digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, endocrine, nervous, cardiovascular, muscular, and skeletal.
There are three chief parts of the human body: the head, the trunk and the limbs (or extremities). The head encloses the brain. The head is connected to the trunk by the neck. The trunk consists of the chest, the belly (or abdomen) and the back. The trunk is divided into two large cavities by the diaphragm. The chest (or thorax) is the upper of these cavities, the abdomen is the lower. The chest contains the heart and lungs. In the abdomen there is the stomach, the liver, the gallbladder, kidneys, the urinary bladder and the bowels (or intestines).
We have four limbs: two arms and two legs. The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Between the upper arm and the forearm there is the elbow. The joint between the forearm and the hand is called the wrist. Each hand has four fingers and one thumb. At the tips of the fingers there are fingernails.
The parts of the lower extremity are the thigh (hip), the lower leg and the foot. The back of the lower leg is called the calf. Between the thigh and the lower leg there is the knee. The joints between the lower leg and the feet are the ankles. The foot consists of the heel, the sole, the ball of the foot, the instep and the toes.