- перевод в СДО / перевод в СДО rp (2)

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

VARIANT 4

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Distribution channels can thus have a number of levels. Kotler defined the simplest level, that of a direct contact with no intermediaries involved, as the 'zero-level' channel.

The next level, the 'one-level' channel, features just one intermediary; in consumer goods a retailer, for industrial goods a distributor. In small markets (such as small countries) it is practical to reach the whole market using just oneand zero-level channels.

In large markets (such as larger countries) a second level, a wholesaler for example, is now mainly used to extend distribution to the large number of small, neighborhood retailers or dealers.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

A coin is usually a piece of hard material, usually metal or a metallic material, usually in the shape of a disc, and most often issued by a government. Coins are used as a form of money in transactions of various kinds, from the everyday circulation coins to the storage of vast numbers of bullion coins. In the present day, coins and banknotes make up the cash forms of all modern money systems. Coins made for circulation (general monetized use) are usually used for lower-valued units, and banknotes for the higher values; also, in most money systems, the highest value coin made for circulation is worth less than the lowest-value note. The face value of circulation coins is usually higher than the gross value of the metal used in making them, but this is not generally the case with historical circulation coins made of precious metals.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Calculable Loss. There are two elements that must be at least estimable, if not formally calculable: the probability of loss, and the attendant cost. Probability of loss is generally an empirical exercise, while cost has more to do with the ability of a reasonable person in possession of a copy of the insurance policy and a proof of loss associated with a claim presented under that policy to make a reasonably definite and objective evaluation of the amount of the loss recoverable as a result of the claim.

Limited risk of catastrophically large losses. The essential risk is often aggregation. If the same event can cause losses to

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

numerous policyholders of the same insurer, the ability of that insurer to issue policies becomes constrained, not by factors surrounding the individual characteristics of a given policyholder, but by the factors surrounding the sum of all policyholders so exposed. Typically, insurers prefer to limit their exposure to a loss from a single event to some small portion of their capital base, on the order of 5 percent.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

A capital gains tax is the tax levied on the profit released upon the sale of a capital asset. In many cases, the amount of a capital gain is treated as income and subject to the marginal rate of income tax. However, in an inflationary environment, capital gains may be to some extent illusory: if prices in general have doubled in five years, then selling an asset for twice the price it was purchased for five years earlier represents no gain at all. Partly to compensate for such changes in the value of money over time, some jurisdictions, such as the United States, give a favorable capital gains tax rate based on the length of holding. European jurisdictions have a similar rate reduction to nil on certain property transactions that qualify for the participation exemption. In Canada, 50 % of the gain is taxable income. In India, Short Term Capital Gains Tax (arising before 1 year) is 10 % flat rate of the gains and Long Term Capital Gains Tax is nil for stocks & mutual fund units held 1 year or more and 20 % for any other assets held 3 years or more. If such a tax is levied on inherited property, it can act as a de facto probate or inheritance tax.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Translate the following phrases into Russian.

1)As far as payment is concerned we would require this to be made in hard currency.

2)The payment would have to be in U.S. dollars (pounds).

3)We would like to receive your confirmation that you will be able to an advance of 50% on signature of the contract with the balance due on the completion of the work.

4)Please let us know whether you are willing to accept these conditions.

5)We are enclosing now a draft contract with your firm with regard to ....

6)If this contract is satisfactory, we should appreciate an early return of signed copy for our records.

7)We enclose four copies of the contract signed on behalf of our firm and

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

exceptionally large claims, the capital constraint will restrict an insurer's appetite for additional policyholders. The classic example is earthquake insurance, where the ability of an underwriter to issue a new policy depends on the number and size of the policies that it has already underwritten. Wind insurance in hurricane zones, particularly along coast lines, is another example of this phenomenon. In extreme cases, the aggregation can affect the entire industry, since the combined capital of insurers and reinsurers can be small compared to the needs of potential policyholders in areas exposed to aggregation risk. In commercial fire insurance it is possible to find single properties whose total exposed value is well in excess of any individual insurer’s capital constraint. Such properties are generally shared among several insurers, or are insured by a single insurer who syndicates the risk into the reinsurance market.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Consumption tax

A consumption tax is a tax on non-investment spending, and can be implemented by means of a sales tax or by modifying an income tax to allow for unlimited deductions for investment or savings.

Income tax

An income tax is a tax levied on the financial income of persons, corporations, or other legal entities. Various income tax systems exist, with varying degrees of tax incidence. Income taxation can be progressive, proportional, or regressive. When the tax is levied on the income of companies, it is often called a corporate tax, corporate income tax, or corporation tax. Individual income taxes often tax the total income of the individual (with some deductions permitted), while corporate income taxes often tax net income (the difference between gross receipts, expenses, and additional write-offs).

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Translate the following phrases into Russian.

1)We shall redraft the contract in terms of our firm. The form of the contract we will take from the one that you sent to us, with only one change ...

2)Please send us the appropriate forms of contract.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

3)We look forward to receiving copies of your agreement.

4)А signed contract would then be sent directly to you for your co-

signing.

5)We have not still received a signed copy of the agreement for…

6)I am writing to confirm that we have now received our copy of the duly signed contract for...

7)We are delighted that we have reached agreement over this.

8)We are glad that we are now in a position to continue our wellestablished and pleasant relationship.

9)We are looking forward to other possibilities of cooperation with your company.

10)Our firm will be an exhibitor at the upcoming ... Fair and we would be especially pleased to personally show you the full of our production.

10.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations, words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 6

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

In Japan the chain of distribution is often complex and further levels are used, even for the simplest of consumer goods.

In Bangladesh Telecom Operators are using different Chains of Distribution, especially 'second level'.

In IT and Telecom industry levels are named "tiers". A one tier channel means that vendors IT product manufacturers (or software publishers) work directly with the dealers. A one tier / two tier channel means that vendors work directly with dealers and with distributors who sell to dealers. But the most important is the distributor or wholesaler.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The milled, or reeded, edges still found on many coins (always those that were once made of gold or silver, even if not so now) were originally designed to show that none of the valuable metal had been shaved off the coin. Prior to the use of milled edges, circulating coins commonly suffered from "shaving", by which unscrupulous persons would shave a small amount of precious metal from the edge. Unmilled British sterling silver coins were known to be shaved to almost half of their minted weight. This form of debasement in Tudor England was commented on by Sir Thomas Gresham, whose name was later attached to Gresham's Law. The monarch would have to

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

2)Please let us know if that will be convenient for you.

3)As the ... Fair is now approaching, the opportunity to discuss ... presents itself.

4)We will be in the Hall... stand ... telephone ... I look forward to seeing you to discuss our project.

5)We will be exhibiting at... Fair this year. You may meet me at our stand No ... Hall ... upper level.

6)I hope a conversation with you or your representatives would be possible.

7)Our firm will be exhibiting some its new production samples in your field of interest and enterprise.

8)In the meantime I enclose our latest announcement list for your information.

9)I think you would like to preview what we will be showing at... Fair this year. I have pleasure in sending you a complete listing of samples which we intend exhibiting during the forthcoming Fair.

10.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations, words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 7

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

In some parts of certain organizations it may in fact be formalized that goods are transferred between separate parts of the organization at a 'transfer price'. To all intents and purposes, with the possible exception of the pricing mechanism itself, this process can and should be viewed as a normal buyer-seller relationship. The fact that this is a captive market, resulting in a 'monopoly price', should not discourage the participants from employing marketing techniques. Less obvious, but just as practical, is the use of 'marketing' by service and administrative departments; to optimize their contribution to their 'customers' (the rest of the organization in general, and those parts of it which deal directly with them in particular). In all of this, the lessons of the non-profit organizations, in dealing with their clients, offer a very useful parallel.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Traditionally, the side of a coin carrying a bust of a monarch or other authority, or a national emblem, is called the obverse, or colloquially, heads. The other side is called the reverse, or colloquially, tails. However, the rule is violated in some cases. Another

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

rule is that the side carrying the year of minting is the obverse, although some Chinese coins, most Canadian coins, the pre-2008 British 20p coin, and all Japanese coins, are exceptions.

In cases where a correctly oriented coin is flipped vertically to show the other side correctly oriented, the coin is said to have coin orientation. In cases where a coin is flipped horizontally to show the other side, it is said to have medallic orientation. The latter is found in British coins.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The stocks are listed and traded on stock exchanges which are entities a corporation or mutual organization specialized in the business of bringing buyers and sellers of the organizations to a listing of stocks and securities together. The stock market in the United States includes the trading of all securities listed on the NYSE, the NASDAQ, the Amex, as well as on the many regional exchanges, e.g. OTCBB and Pink Sheets. European examples of stock exchanges include the London Stock Exchange, the Deutsche Börse and the Paris Bourse, now part of Euronext.

Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders, who can be based anywhere. Their orders usually end up with a professional at a stock exchange, who executes the order. Some exchanges are physical locations where transactions are carried out on a trading floor, by a method known as open outcry.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) publishes perhaps the most comprehensive analysis of worldwide tax systems. In order to do this it has created a comprehensive categorisation of all taxes in all regimes which it covers the following.

Personal income tax is often collected on a pay-as-you-earn basis, with small corrections made soon after the end of the tax year. These corrections take one of two forms: payments to the government, for taxpayers who have not paid enough during the tax year; and tax refunds from the government for those who have overpaid. Income tax systems will often have deductions available

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

that lessen the total tax liability by reducing total taxable income. They may allow losses from one type of income to be counted against another. For example, a loss on the stock market may be deducted against taxes paid on wages.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Translate the following phrases into Russian.

1)Further to our meeting at the ... Fair I confirm that a sample of ... is being sent under separate cover for your consideration as requested.

2)I was sorry that I missed the opportunity of meeting you at recent...

Fair.

3)It is a pleasure to say a word of recommendation on behalf of Mr ....

4)I can sincerely recommend Mr, ... as a highly responsible and reliable man.

5)I am glad to write you concerning Mr ....

6)I am pleased to say that I know him to be diligent, loyal and trustworthy in every way.

7)I would be glad to know ...

8)Could you please tell me ...

9)May I hope for ...?

10)We shall be interested to hear what you think about ...

10. Prepare a separate list of abbreviations, words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 8

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web.

Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com.

Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Exceptions to the rule of coin face-value being higher than content value, also occur for some non-monetized 'bullion coins' made of silver or gold (and, rarely, other metals, such as platinum or palladium), intended for collectors or investors in precious metals. For examples of modern gold collector/investor coins, the United States mints the American Gold Eagle, Canada mints the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, and South Africa mints the Krugerrand. The American Gold Eagle has a face value of US$50, and the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf coins also have nominal (purely symbolic) face values (e.g., C$50 for 1 oz.); but the Krugerrand does not.

Historically, a great number of coinage metals (including alloys) and other materials have been used practically, impractically (i.e., rarely), artistically, and experimentally in the production of coins for circulation, collection, and metal investment, where bullion coins often serve as more convenient stores of assured metal quantity and purity than other bullion.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Actual trades are based on an auction market paradigm where a potential buyer bids a specific price for a stock and a potential seller asks a specific price for the stock. (Buying or selling at market means you will accept any ask price or bid price for the stock, respectively). When the bid and ask prices match, a sale takes place on a first come first served basis if there are multiple bidders or askers at a given price.

The purpose of a stock exchange is to facilitate the exchange of securities between buyers and sellers, thus providing a marketplace (virtual or real). The exchanges provide real-time trading information on the listed securities, facilitating price discovery.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.