- перевод в СДО / перевод в СДО rp (2)

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

Valley Authority), little public ownership occurs at the federal level. At the municipal level, however, public ownership of water-supply systems, electrical power facilities, and transportation companies is commonplace. In most other nations, including those of Western Europe, public utilities are nearly always nationally owned.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth quinary sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Measuring inflation is a difficult problem for government statisticians. To do this, a number of goods that are representative of the economy are put together into what is referred to as a "market basket." The cost of this basket is then compared over time. This results in a price index, which is the cost of the market basket today as a percentage of the cost of that identical basket in the starting year. In North America, there are two main price indexes that measure inflation:

•Consumer Price Index (CPI) – A measure of price changes in consumer goods and services such as gasoline, food, clothing and automobiles. The CPI measures price change from the perspective of the purchaser. U.S. CPI data can be found at the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

•Producer Price Indexes (PPI) – A family of indexes that measure the average change over time in selling prices by domestic producers of goods and services. PPIs measure price change from the perspective of the seller. U.S. PPI data can be found at the Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Broadly speaking, cross-selling takes three forms. First, while servicing an account, the product or service provider may hear of an additional need, unrelated to the first, that the client has and offer to meet it. Thus, for example, in conducting an audit, an accountant is likely to learn about a range of needs for tax services, for valuation services and others. To the degree that regulations allow, the accounts may be able to sell services that meet these needs. This kind of cross-selling helped major accounting firms to expand their businesses considerably. Because of the potential for abuse, this kind of selling by auditors has been greatly curtailed under the SarbanesOxley Act.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 10

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

KINDS OF MONOPOLIES Trusts

American history is replete with attempts by producers either to organize or to engage in practices that give them, in effect, monopoly power, although competition may still appear to exist. One of the earliest means used by producers to create an effective monopoly while retaining some semblance of competition was the trust. This is a device by which the real control of a company is transferred to an individual or small group by an exchange of shares of stock for trust certificates, which are issued by the individuals seeking control. The widespread abuse of this technique after the American Civil War eventually led to passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), a law designed to make illegal all trusts and other combinations that aimed to create monopolies in restraint of interstate commerce. A similar device is the holding company, which issues its own stock shares for sale to the public and “holds” or controls other companies by owning their shares. Such an arrangement is not necessarily illegal, unless created specifically to monopolize commerce in interstate trade.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production. It is aided by technological advances, and has continued to develop into new types and sectors to this day. Industrial countries then assumed a capitalist economic policy. Railroads and steam-powered ships began speedily establishing links with previously unreachable world markets, enabling private companies to develop to then-unheard of size and wealth. Following the Industrial Revolution, perhaps a third of the world's economic output is derived from manufacturing industries – more than agriculture's share.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Whenever you hear the latest inflation update on the news, chances are that interest rates are mentioned in the same breath.

In the United States, interest rates are decided by the Federal Reserve. The Fed meets eight times a year to set short-term interest rate targets. During these meetings, the Consumer price index and Producer price index are significant factors in the Fed's decision. Interest rates directly affect the credit market (loans) because higher interest rates make borrowing more costly. By changing interest rates, the Fed tries to achieve maximum employment, stable prices and a good level growth. As interest rates drop, consumer spending increases, and this in turn stimulates economic growth.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

In economics, a durable good or a hard good is a good which does not quickly wear out, or more specifically, it yields services or utility over time rather than being completely used up when used once. Most goods are therefore durable goods to a certain degree. These are goods that can last for a relatively long time, such as refrigerators, cars, and DVD players. Perfectly durable goods never

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

wear out. An example of a durable good might be a brick. As a counter-example, sticky tape is not very durable.

Examples of consumer durable goods include cars, appliances, business equipment, electronic equipment, home furnishings and fixtures, houseware and accessories, photographic equipment, recreational goods, sporting goods, toys and games.

Durable goods are typically characterized by long interpurchase times – the time between two successive purchases.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

4.3. Варианты заданий контрольной работы № 2 (10 семестр) VARIANT 1

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. “While now central to the contemporary global economy and the reproduction of global production networks, it is only quite recently that advertising has been more than a marginal influence on patterns of sales and production. The formation of modern advertising was intimately bound up with the emergence of new forms of monopoly capitalism around the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century as one element in corporate strategies to create, organize and where possible control markets, especially for mass produced consumer goods. Mass production necessitated mass consumption, and this in turn required a certain homogenization of consumer tastes for final products. At its limit, this involved seeking to create ‘world cultural convergence’, to homogenize consumer tastes and engineer a ‘convergence of lifestyle, culture and behaviours among consumer segments across the world’.”

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of goods and/or services. It is one form of money, where money is anything that serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value, and a standard of value. A currency is the dominant medium of exchange. To facilitate trade between currency zones, there are exchange rates, which are the prices at which currencies (and the goods and services of individual currency zones) can be exchanged against each other. Currencies can be classified as either floating currencies or fixed currencies based on their exchange rate regime. In common usage, currency sometimes refers to only paper money, as in, but this is misleading. Coins and paper money are both forms of currency.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

A large number of homogeneous exposure units. The vast majority of insurance policies are provided for individual members of very large classes. Automobile insurance, for example, covered about 175 million automobiles in the United States in 2004. The existence of a large number of homogeneous exposure units allows insurers to benefit from the so-called “law of large numbers,” which in effect states that as the number of exposure units increases, the actual results are increasingly likely to become close to expected results. There are exceptions to this criterion. Lloyd's of London is famous for insuring the life or health of actors, actresses and sports figures. Satellite Launch insurance covers events that are infrequent. Large commercial property policies may insure exceptional properties for which there are no ‘homogeneous’ exposure units. Despite failing on this criterion, many exposures like these are generally considered to be insurable.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

A tax is a financial charge or other levy imposed on an individual or a legal entity by a state or a functional equivalent of a state (for example, revolutionary movements). Taxes are also imposed by many subnational entities. Taxes consist of direct tax or indirect tax, and may be paid in money or as its labour equivalent (often but not always unpaid). A tax may be defined as a "pecuniary burden laid upon individuals or property to support the government […] a payment exacted by legislative authority." A tax "is not a voluntary payment or donation, but an enforced contribution, exacted pursuant to legislative authority" and is "any contribution imposed by government […]

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

whether under the name of toll, tribute, tallage, gabel, impost, duty, custom, excise, subsidy, aid, supply, or other name."

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

9.Translate the following phrases into Russian.

1)Please forgive me for not replying sooner to your letter of...

2)I am sorry for the delay in answering your letter of...

3)I do apologise for the lateness in replying to your letter of...

4)Thank you for your letter of... regarding ...

5)Many thanks for your kind letter, which I received ...

6)It was indeed a very pleasant surprise to receive your letter of...

7)Our Company is a branch of the...

8)As you may know, we are one of the largest firms, producing...

9)The ... is a research (consultancy) organization.

10)We will be expanding in the nearest years.

10. Prepare a separate list abbreviations, words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 2

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Distribution (or place) is one of the four elements of marketing mix. An organization or set of organizations (go-betweens) involved in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by a consumer or business user.

The other three parts of the marketing mix are product, pricing, and promotion.

Frequently there may be a chain of intermediaries, each passing the product down the chain to the next organization, before it finally reaches the consumer or end-user. This process is known as the 'distribution chain' or the 'channel.' Each of the elements in these chains will have their own specific needs, which the producer must take into account, along with those of the all-important end-user.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

In most cases, each country has monopoly control over the supply and production of its own currency. Member countries of the European Union's Economic and Monetary Union are a notable exception to this rule, as they have ceded control of monetary policy to the European Central Bank. In cases where a country does have

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

control of its own currency, that control is exercised either by a central bank or by a Ministry of Finance. In either case, the institution that has control of monetary policy is referred to as the monetary authority. Monetary authorities have varying degrees of autonomy from the governments that create them. In the United States, the Federal Reserve System operates without direct interference from the legislative or executive branches. It is important to note that a monetary authority is created and supported by its sponsoring government, so independence can be reduced or revoked by the legislative or executive authority that creates it. However, in practical terms, the revocation of authority is not likely.In almost all Western countries, the monetary authority is largely independent from the government.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Definite Loss. The event that gives rise to the loss that is subject to insurance should, at least in principle, take place at a known time, in a known place, and from a known cause. The classic example is death of an insured person on a life insurance policy. Fire, automobile accidents, and worker injuries may all easily meet this criterion. Other types of losses may only be definite in theory. Occupational disease, for instance, may involve prolonged exposure to injurious conditions where no specific time, place or cause is identifiable. Ideally, the time, place and cause of a loss should be clear enough that a reasonable person, with sufficient information, could objectively verify all three elements.

Accidental Loss. The event that constitutes the trigger of a claim should be fortuitous, or at least outside the control of the beneficiary of the insurance. The loss should be ‘pure,’ in the sense that it results from an event for which there is only the opportunity for cost. Events that contain speculative elements, such as ordinary business risks, are generally not considered insurable.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Taxes are sometimes referred to as direct tax or indirect tax. The meaning of these terms can vary in different contexts, which can sometimes lead to confusion. In economics, direct taxes refer to those taxes that are collected from the people or organizations on whom they are ostensibly imposed. For example, income taxes are collected

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

producer to consumer in certain sectors, since both direct and indirect channels may be used. Hotels, for example, may sell their services (typically rooms) directly or through travel agents, tour operators, airlines, tourist boards, centralized reservation systems, etc.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Several countries can use the same name, each for their own currency (e.g. Canadian dollars and United States dollars), several countries can use the same currency (e.g. the euro), or a country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender. At various times countries have either re-stamped foreign coins, or used currency board issuing one note of currency for each note of a foreign government held, as Ecuador currently does.

Each currency typically has one fractional currency, often valued at 1⁄100 of the main currency: 100 cents = 1 dollar, 100 centimes = 1

franc, 100 pence = 1 pound, 100 copecks = 1 ruble. Units of 1⁄10 or 1⁄1000 are also common, but some currencies do not have any smaller units.

Mauritania and Madagascar are the only remaining countries that do not use the decimal system; instead, the Mauritanian ouguiya is divided into 5 khoums, while the Malagasy ariary is divided into 5 iraimbilanja. Names like Dollar, Pound, etc. 'were simply names for given weights of gold.' However, due to inflation, both fractional units have in practice fallen into disuse.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Large Loss. The size of the loss must be meaningful from the perspective of the insured. Insurance premiums need to cover both the expected cost of losses, plus the cost of issuing and administering the policy, adjusting losses, and supplying the capital needed to reasonably assure that the insurer will be able to pay claims. For small losses these latter costs may be several times the size of the expected cost of losses. There is little point in paying such costs unless the protection offered has real value to a buyer.

Affordable Premium. If the likelihood of an insured event is so high, or the cost of the event so large, that the resulting premium is large relative to the amount of protection offered, it is not likely that anyone will buy insurance, even if on offer. Further, as the accounting profession formally recognizes in financial accounting standards, the premium cannot be so large that there is not a reasonable chance of a significant loss to the insurer.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Ad valorem

An ad valorem tax is one where the tax base is the value of a good, service, or property. Sales taxes, tariffs, property taxes, inheritance taxes, and value added taxes are different types of ad valorem tax. An ad valorem tax is typically imposed at the time of a transaction (sales tax or value added tax (VAT)) but it may be imposed on an annual basis (property tax) or in connection with another significant event (inheritance tax or tariffs). An alternative to ad valorem taxation is an excise tax, where the tax base is the quantity of something, regardless of its price. For example, in the United Kingdom, a tax is collected on the sale of alcoholic drinks that is calculated by volume and beverage type, rather than the price of the drink.

Environment Affecting Tax

This includes natural resources consumption tax, GreenHouse gas tax (Carbon tax), "sulfuric tax", and others.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences into English.

9.Translate the following phrases into Russian.

1)... our firm has already signed a similar contract with another company.

2)We cannot expect a large market for ...

3)… so we are returning the examination copies with thanks.

4)Your offer of... is acceptable.

5)We are pleased to accept your offer (terms). We look forward to receiving he contract forms for signature.

6)Thank you for letting us know your positive decision regarding ...

7)We are delighted to hear about your wish to buy ... and wait for the contract forms.

8)In principle we agree to this, but...

9)Wе must have full details of... before we can send you the contract.

10)We would like to stipulate in the contract...

10.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations, words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.