- перевод в СДО / перевод в СДО rp (2)

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

both industrial production as well as commercial agricultural production. This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale. It resulted in accumulation of capital and the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists, which facilitated the development of large-scale, capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed.

Proto-industrialization sparked social changes in traditional agrarian societies that would become more marked during full industrialization, such as greater independence of women and children who gained a means of income separate from the family subsistence farm.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

G (Government spending) is the sum of government expenditures on final goods and services. It includes salaries of public servants, purchase of weapons for the military, and any investment expenditure by a government. It does not include any transfer payments, such as social security or unemployment benefits.

X (Exports) is gross exports. GDP captures the amount a country produces, including goods and services produced for other nations' consumption, therefore exports are added.

M (Imports) is gross imports. Imports are subtracted since imported goods will be included in the terms G, I, or C, and must be deducted to avoid counting foreign supply as domestic.

Types of GDP and GDP growth

Current GDP is GDP expressed in the current prices of the period being measured

Nominal GDP growth is GDP growth in nominal prices (unadjusted for price changes).

Real GDP growth is GDP growth adjusted for price changes.

Calculating the real GDP growth allows economists to determine if production increased or decreased, regardless of changes in the purchasing power of the currency.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

Broadly speaking, cross-selling takes three forms. First, while servicing an account, the product or service provider may hear of an additional need, unrelated to the first, that the client has and offer to meet it. Thus, for example, in conducting an audit, an accountant is likely to learn about a range of needs for tax services, for valuation services and others. To the degree that regulations allow, the accounts may be able to sell services that meet these needs. This kind of cross-selling helped major accounting firms to expand their businesses considerably. Because of the potential for abuse, this kind of selling by auditors has been greatly curtailed under the SarbanesOxley Act.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 5

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

KINDS OF MONOPOLIES Cartels

Today perhaps the best known form of combination is the cartel because of the widespread attention given to the activities of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, or OPEC. A cartel is an organization formed by producers whose purpose is to allocate market shares, control production, and regulate prices. OPEC does all these things, but its most highly publicized acts have been to set the world price for petroleum. Cartels are illegal in the U.S.; most other countries, however – including the United Kingdom and the nations of Western Europe – have taken a more lenient view of cartels, allowing them to exist as long as their monopolistic practices do not become too outrageous.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Proto-industrialisation (also spelled proto-industrialization) is a phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

production, mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists.

Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, proto-industrialization led to specialization in both industrial production as well as commercial agricultural production. This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale. It resulted in accumulation of capital and the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists, which facilitated the development of large-scale, capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (1993), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund, European Union, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank. The publication is normally referred to as SNA93 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1968 (called SNA68).

SNA93 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Selling add-on services is another form of cross-selling. This happens when a supplier shows a customer that it can enhance the value of its service by buying another from a different part of the supplier's company. When you buy an appliance, the salesperson will offer to sell you insurance beyond the terms of the warranty. Though common, this kind of cross-selling can leave a customer feeling poorly used. The customer might well ask the appliance salesperson why he needs insurance on a brand new refrigerator. Is it really likely to break in just nine months?

The third kind of cross-selling can be called selling a solution. In this case, the customer buying air conditioners is sold a package of both the air conditioners and installation services. The customer can

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

be considered buying relief from the heat, contrary to just air conditioners.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 6

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

KINDS OF MONOPOLIES Mergers

Efforts to organize an industry in order to achieve practical monopoly control take different forms. Any combination of firms that reduces competition may be of a vertical, horizontal, or conglomerate character. A vertical combination involves merging firms at different stages of the production process into a single unit. Some of the oil companies, for example, own oil fields, refineries, transportation systems, and retail outlets. A horizontal combination involves bringing together firms in the same industry and at the same level in the production chain. Recently, conglomerate-type mergers have become prominent, with spectacular success in the 1960s but diminishing until 1984 and 1985, when the U.S. saw the greatest increase in corporate acquisitions in its history. A conglomerate merger combines firms from several unrelated industries into a single organization. All mergers and combinations have the potential for eliminating competition and creating monopoly. Mere potential, however, is not illegal in the U.S. under existing laws.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material There are four key industrial economic sectors: the primary sector, largely raw material extraction industries such as mining and farming; the secondary sector, involving refining, construction, and manufacturing; the tertiary sector, which deals with services (such as law and medicine) and distribution of manufactured goods; and the quaternary sector, a relatively new type of knowledge industry focusing on technological research, design and development such as computer programming, and biochemistry. A fifth quinary sector has been proposed encompassing nonprofit activities. The

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

economy is also broadly separated into public sector and private sector, with industry generally categorized as private.

Industry in the sense of manufacturing became a key sector of production and labour in European and North American countries during the Industrial Revolution, which upset previous mercantile and feudal economies through many successive rapid advances in technology, such as the steel and coal production.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. The value of a dollar does not stay constant when there is inflation. The value of a dollar is observed in terms of purchasing power, which is the real, tangible goods that money can buy. When inflation goes up, there is a decline in the purchasing power of money. For example, if the inflation rate is 2% annually, then theoretically a $1 pack of gum will cost $1.02 in a year. After inflation, your dollar can't buy the same goods it could beforehand.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

In economics, a durable good or a hard good is a good which does not quickly wear out, or more specifically, it yields services or utility over time rather than being completely used up when used once. Most goods are therefore durable goods to a certain degree. These are goods that can last for a relatively long time, such as refrigerators, cars, and DVD players. Perfectly durable goods never wear out. An example of a durable good might be a brick. As a counter-example, sticky tape is not very durable.

Examples of consumer durable goods include cars, appliances, business equipment, electronic equipment, home furnishings and fixtures, houseware and accessories, photographic equipment, recreational goods, sporting goods, toys and games.

Durable goods are typically characterized by long interpurchase times – the time between two successive purchases.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 7

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Economists have developed a complicated body of theory to explain why the behavior of a monopoly firm differs significantly from that of a competitive firm. A monopoly company, like any other business, confronts two forces: (1) a set of demand conditions for the commodity or service it produces; and (2) a set of cost conditions that governs how much it has to pay to those who supply the resources and labor required to produce its product. Every business firm must adjust its production to the point at which it is able to maximize its profit – that is, the difference between the revenue it receives from its sales and the costs it incurs in producing the amount sold. The level of production at which it achieves its maximum profit is not necessarily the one at which the firm is getting the highest possible price for its product.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent, industrious") is the manufacturing of a good or service within a category. Although industry is a broad term for any kind of economic production, in economics and urban planning industry is a synonym for the secondary sector, which is a type of economic activity involved in the manufacturing of raw materials into goods and products.

Proto-industrialisation (also spelled proto-industrialization) is a phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production, mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists.

4. Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

5. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

There are several variations on inflation:

•Deflation is when the general level of prices is falling. This is the opposite of inflation.

•Hyperinflation is unusually rapid inflation. In extreme cases, this can lead to the breakdown of a nation's monetary system. One of the most notable examples of hyperinflation occurred in Germany in 1923, when prices rose 2,500% in one month!

•Stagflation is the combination of high unemployment and economic stagnation with inflation. This happened in industrialized countries during the 1970s, when a bad economy was combined with OPEC raising oil prices.

In recent years, developed countries have attempted to sustain an inflation rate of 2–3 %.

6. Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Nondurable goods or soft goods are the opposite of durable goods. They may be defined either as goods that are used up when used once, or that have a lifespan of less than 3 years.

Examples of nondurable goods include cosmetics, food, cleaning products, fuel, office supplies, packaging and containers, paper and paper products, personal products, rubber, plastics, textiles, clothing and footwear.

Durable goods, nondurable goods and services together constitute the consumption of an economy.

8. Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9. Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10. Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 8

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

The major difference between a monopoly firm and one in a competitive industry is that the monopoly will have greater control over the price it charges for its product, although this control is never absolute. The monopoly firm thus has more freedom than the competitive firm to adjust price as well as production as it strives to achieve a maximum profit.

From the viewpoint of society, monopoly leads to effects that are less

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

desirable than those resulting from economic competition. In general, monopoly results in a smaller output of goods or services as compared with competition, and also in prices that are often higher than those in competitive industries. Another practice associated with monopoly is price discrimination, which involves charging a different price for the same goods or services to different segments of the same market.

2.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 1 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

3.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Proto-industrialisation (also spelled proto-industrialization) is a phase in the development of modern industrial economies that preceded, and created conditions for, the establishment of fully industrial societies. Proto-industrialization was marked by the increasing involvement of agrarian families in market-oriented craft production, mainly through the putting-out system organized by merchant capitalists.

Initially using surplus labor available during slow periods of the agricultural seasons, proto-industrialization led to specialization in both industrial production as well as commercial agricultural production. This allowed reciprocal trade favored by regional economies of scale. It resulted in accumulation of capital and the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by merchant capitalists, which facilitated the development of large-scale, capital-intensive production methods in the full industrialization phase that followed.

4.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 3 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

5.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Problems arise when there is unanticipated inflation:

•Creditors lose and debtors gain if the lender does not anticipate inflation correctly. For those who borrow, this is similar to getting an interest-free loan.

•Uncertainty about what will happen next makes corporations and consumers less likely to spend. This hurts economic output in the long run.

•People living off a fixed-income, such as retirees, see a decline in their purchasing power and, consequently, their standard of living.

•If the inflation rate is greater than that of other countries, domestic products become less competitive.

People like to complain about prices going up, but they often ignore the fact that wages should be rising as well. The question shouldn't be whether inflation is rising, but whether it's rising at a

Перевод в сфере делового общения. Рабочая программа

quicker pace than your wages.

6.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 5 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

7.Translate the given abstract into Russian.

Cross-selling is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "the action or practice of selling among or between established clients, markets, traders, etc." or "that of selling an additional product or service to an existing customer". In practice businesses define cross-selling in many different ways. Elements that might influence the definition might include: the size of the business, the industry sector it operates within and the financial motivations of those required to define the term. The objectives of crossselling can be either to increase the income derived from the client(s) or to protect the relationship with the client(s). The approach to the process of cross-selling can be varied. Unlike the acquiring of new business, crossselling involves an element of risk that existing relationships with the client could be disrupted. For this reason it is important to ensure that the additional product or service being sold to the client(s) enhances the value the client(s) get from the organization.

8.Take the Russian equivalents of the underlined words and combinations in Task 7 and make up ten sentences in Russian. Translate the sentences you have made up into English.

9.Prepare a separate list of abbreviations and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

10.Prepare a separate list of words and expressions and their translation based on materials for your individual work.

VARIANT 9

1. Translate the given abstract into Russian.

KINDS OF MONOPOLIES

Among the various kinds of economic monopolies are public utilities, trusts, cartels, and industrial mergers.

Public Utilities

Pure monopolies–only a single firm in an industry – are rare in the U.S. economy, except among the public utilities. These industries produce goods and provide services vital to the public well-being, including such essentials as water, power, transport, and communications. Although such monopolies often seem to be the most effective way to supply vital public services, they must be regulated when privately owned or else be owned and operated by a public body.

Within the U.S., the pattern varies widely. Aside from the U.S. Postal Service and some ventures into power production (such as the Tennessee