- •The history of the english language. Old English period.
- •The history of the english language
- •1. Iberian civilization (3000 – 2000 b.C.)
- •2. Alpine people (2000 b.C.)
- •3. Celtic britain (700 b.C.)
- •Roman conquest of britain (47 – 407 a.D.)
- •Germanic tribes
- •Origin and development of the germanic languages
- •Classification of the germanic languages
- •Linguistic features of germanic languages
- •Interpretation of the proto-germanic consonant shift
- •Parts of speech
- •Vocabulary
- •Modern germanic languages
- •1. Old English period
- •The structure of old english vocabulary
- •Parts of speech in old english
- •Interrogative Pronouns
- •Indefinite and Negative Pronouns
- •Verbals
- •Development of the phonetic system of old english
- •Voicing/ Devoicing of Consonants
- •Key Terms
- •Вопросы к семинарским занятиям.
- •Литература:
- •17. Http://www.Wmich.Edu/medieval/resources/ioe/index.Html
Vocabulary
The foundation of a lexicon is its basic vocabulary. This basic vocabulary is characterized by the following features:
1) the words are common for the whole nation;
2) they are stable and remain in the vocabulary for centuries;
3) they are stylistically neutral;
4) they form the basis for word-building;
5) they enter different word combinations, such as idioms and proverbs.
In Western Germanic languages there existed a big layer of IE words shared by other IE languages. This common IE layer includes the most important words denoting familiar relations, parts of the human body, animals, plants, natural phenomena, colors, size, numerals, pronouns and some verbs denoting the basic activities.
Besides roots, Germanic languages also got such means of word-building as affixes and grammatical inflections.
|
Mod. E |
OE |
O Sc |
Lat |
Greek |
Russian |
Sans |
|
man |
mann |
maðr |
mās |
|
|
manu |
|
father |
fæder |
faðir |
pater |
patér |
|
pitá(r) |
|
mother |
mōdor |
moðir |
mater |
mētér |
мать |
mātá(r) |
|
heart |
heorte |
|
cor |
kardia |
сердце |
|
|
nose |
nosu |
|
nasus |
|
нос |
nāsa |
|
swine |
swīn |
|
sūs |
hy:s |
свинья |
|
|
goose |
ʒōs |
|
anser (<hanser) |
|
гусь |
hamsah |
|
tree |
trēō |
|
|
dόry |
дерево |
|
|
birch |
beorc |
|
|
|
береза |
bhūrjah |
|
cold |
ceald |
kaldr |
gelu |
|
холод |
|
|
loaf |
hlaf |
hleifr |
|
|
хлеб |
|
|
fish |
fīsc |
fīskr |
piscus |
|
рыба |
|
|
be |
bēon |
|
|
|
быть |
|
|
eat |
etan |
|
edere |
edein |
есть |
|
|
sit |
sittan |
sitja |
sedere |
|
сидеть |
|
In Germanic languages exists a group of words of pure Germanic origin, pure Germanic roots. They constitute a specific feature of Germanic languages. Semantically they also belong to the basic spheres of life (parts of body, animals, plants, nature, time, housing, transport, adjectives denoting colour, size and other qualities, verbs denoting sense perception, speaking and some other activities.
|
Mod. English |
OE |
German |
Swedish |
Gothic |
|
head |
hēāfod |
Haupt |
huvud |
haubiþ |
|
hand |
hand |
Hand |
hand |
handus |
|
bear |
bera |
Bär |
björn |
|
|
fir |
furh |
Föhre |
furu |
|
|
sea |
sæ: |
See |
sjö |
saiws |
|
land |
land |
Land |
land |
land |
|
rain |
reʒn |
Regen |
regn |
rign |
|
year |
ʒēār |
Jahr |
år |
jer |
|
house |
hūs |
Haus |
hus |
|
|
ship |
scip |
Schiff |
skepp |
skip |
|
green |
ʒrēne |
grün |
grön |
|
|
little |
lytel |
|
liten |
leitils |
|
high |
hēāh |
hoch |
hög |
haúhs |
Some words were also borrowed from other languages which refer to late Proto Germanic, the period of Germanic migrations. Words were borrowed from Latin and Celtic. They illustrate contact of Germanic tribes with Roman civilization and Roman influence and refer to trade, warfare, crafts, building and religion.
|
Mod. English |
OE |
Other Germanic languages |
Latin |
|
pound |
pund |
Gt. pund, O. Ic. pund |
pondō |
|
street |
stræt, strēt |
OHG atrâza OSc strâta |
strata |
|
plum, |
plūme |
O Icl plóma |
prunus |
|
wine |
win |
OHG, O Sc win G wein |
vinum |
|
shield |
scyld |
O Sc skjoldr |
scutum |
|
write |
scrifan |
O Sc scrifa |
scribere |
|
canon |
canonic |
O Sc kanunkr |
canonicus |